Plant communities have been transformed by global changes such as land-use change and biological invasion in recent decades, will drive further transformation in the coming decades. Plant species can respond to and climate change changing climates by shifting their ranges to new areas in order to track optimal conditions and/or by adapting to these changes . Future climates have the potential ...

abstract this chapter describes how the climate change is potentially the mostsevere threat to pollinator biodiversity. mounting evidence demonstrates that therehave already been biotic responses to the relatively small climate changes that haveoccurred this century. pollinators such as birds, bees, butterflies, moths, flies, wasps,beetles bats and even mosquitoes are essential for food product...

Closed-form solutions were developed to optimize kinematics design of a 2-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) planar parallel manipulator. The optimum design based on the workspace was presented. Meanwhile, a global, comprehensive conditioning index was introduced to evaluate the kinematic designs. The optimal parallel manipulator is incorporated into a 5-DOF hybrid machine tool which includes a 2-DOF rot...

BACKGROUND Assessing the clinical effectiveness of measuring grip strength as a prognostic tool in recovering ambulation in bed-confined frail elderly patients. METHODS A prospective study was carried out with 50 elderly inpatients (mean age: 81.6 years old). Manual muscle test was used for checking strength of hip flexor muscles, hip abductor muscles and knee extensor muscles. Grip strength ...

This study presents an experimental approach to assess the relative importance of climatic and biotic factors as determinants of species' geographical distributions. We asked to what extent responses of grassland plant species to biotic interactions vary with climate, and to what degree this variation depends on the species' biogeography. Using a gradient from oceanic to continental climate rep...

Species responses to climate change may be influenced by changes in available habitat, as well as population processes, species interactions and interactions between demographic and landscape dynamics. Current methods for assessing these responses fail to provide an integrated view of these influences because they deal with habitat change or population dynamics, but rarely both. In this study, ...