Observation probability • Probability to observe Yo(fk,tm) given tempo bi and RST mj 1) Compute the Yo(l,tm,bi) corresponding to the assumption bi 2) Select the mj which have a reference tempo Bj close to bi: (abs(log2(bi/Bj))<0.3785 3) Compute the one-minus cosine distance between Yo(l,tm,b) and mj=Yj(l) Template-Based Estimation of Tempo: Using Unsupervised or Supervised Learning to create be...

Background Performance gestures are often realized along different expressive dimensions (e.g., a change in the dynamics might be emphasized by a change of tempo) and they may also be affected by constraints imposed by a score. Elucidating how such interactions and score dependencies can be better modeled is a key element to further understanding the characterization of both individual and shar...

Objective measures of musical tempo are linked to a particular metrical pulse, and this is most likely true for subjective tempo as well. Therefore, tapping along with a rhythm should be predictive of relative tempo judgments. The difficulty of such judgments may lie in the choice of a particular metrical level as the referent. Multiple levels may compete and create ambiguity. Analogies are dra...

This thesis is concerned with the perception of time in music with emphasis on tempo, emotion and time perception in music. Three studies were conducted to assess whether listeners were able to make consistent judgements about tempo that varied from piece to piece. Listeners heard short extracts of Scottish music played at a range of tempi and were asked to make a two alternative forced choice ...

We describe a computer program which is able to estimate the tempo and the times of musical beats in expressively performed music. The input data may be either digital audio or a symbolic representation of music such as MIDI. The data is processed off-line to detect the salient rhythmic events and the timing of these events is analysed to generate hypotheses of the tempo at various metrical lev...

Tempo estimation is a common task within the music information retrieval community, but existing works are rarely evaluated with datasets of music loops and the algorithms are not tailored to this particular type of content. In addition to this, existing works on tempo estimation do not put an emphasis on providing a confidence value that indicates how reliable their tempo estimations are. In c...

In 2019, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dipped to 1.71 children per woman, an all-time low and far below replacement rate of 2.10 children. Current levels fertility have important implications for economy. To assess trends, demographers often look at expectations. Using this metric suggests no cause concern. Women in their early 30s today, when first asked about childbearing expectations 20s, e...

One of the difficulties with assessing tempo or beat tracking systems is that there is no standard corpus of data on which they can be tested. This situation is partly because the choice of data set often depends on the goals of the system, which might be, for example, automatic transcription, computer accompaniment of a human performer, or the analysis of expressive timing in musical performan...

Beat tracking – i.e. deriving from a music audio signal a sequence of beat instants that might correspond to when a human listener would tap his foot – involves satisfying two constraints: On the one hand, the selected instants should generally correspond to moments in the audio where a beat is indicated, for instance by the onset of a note played by one of the instruments. On the other hand, t...