In programming and modeling we strive to express structures and behaviors as formally as possible to support tool-based processing. However, some aspects of systems cannot be described in a way that is suitable for tool-based consistency checking and analysis. Examples include code comments, requirements and software design documents. Because they can only be analyzed manually, they are often o...

Gender induction has been claimed to be virtually impossible unless nouns provide reliable semantic or phonological gender-relevant cues. However, learners might exploit syntactic cues, such as definite articles, to infer the gender of gender-unmarked nouns. In children's poems and songs, such syntactic cues are presented in a highly structured fashion. We assessed gender-like category inductio...

In prose literature often complex dynamics of interpersonal relationships can be observed between the different characters. Traditionally, node-link diagrams are used to depict the social network of a novel. However, static graphs can only visualize the overall social network structure but not the development of the networks over the course of the story, while dynamic graphs have the serious pr...

arabic prose passed during its development through different stages; and arabic literature in general was a pad of the types of literary that emerged for it in the present era in the field of principles and rules. some believe that the literary genres and systems prose are taken from the west. while if we look closely, we find models of them in the old arab literature, though contemporary men o...