Light interactions with biological tissues and fluids can be categorized into two large classes of biological media: (1) strongly scattering (opaque) with skin, brain, vessel walls, eye sclera, blood, and lymph, and (2) weakly scattering (transparent) with cornea, crystalline lens, vitreous humor, and aqueous humor of the front chamber of the eye.1–7 Light interactions with tissues of the first...

Let f(x) be a differentiable function on the real line R, and let P be a point not on the graph of f(x). Define the illumination index of P to be the number of distinct tangents to the graph of f which pass through P . We prove that if f ′′ is continuous and nonnegative on R, f ′′ ≥ m > 0 outside a closed interval of R, and f ′′ has finitely many zeros onR, then any point P below the graph of f...

The ability to detect and accurately characterize particles is required by many fields of nanotechnology, including materials science, nanotoxicology, and nanomedicine. Among the most relevant physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, size and the related surface-to-volume ratio are fundamental ones. Taylor dispersion combines three independent phenomena to determine particle size: optical e...

Rayleigh-Taylor mixing is a classical hydrodynamic instability that occurs when a light fluid pushes against a heavy fluid. The two main sources of nonideal behavior in Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) mixing are regularizations (physical and numerical), which produce deviations from a pure Euler equation, scale invariant formulation, and nonideal (i.e., experimental) initial conditions. The Kolmogorov the...

A brief introduction to discrete variational mechanics, motivated by the goal of constructing symplectic onestep methods, will be presented. Followed by the presentation of a new type of variational integrator that utilizes Taylor’s method in it’s construction. Time permitting, we will make some remarks on the pros/cons and stability of constructing the variational integrator from the Lagrangia...

To the Editor: A recent article by Zucker (1) described two cases of malaria that were probably transfusion associated. A case of transfusionassociated malaria in which the source was identified was reported in San Francisco in 1991. The case was in an elderly man in whom malaria infection developed after coronary bypass surgery. The patient was born in China and immigrated to the United States...

A granular instability driven by gravity is studied experimentally and numerically. The instability arises as grains fall in a closed Hele-Shaw cell where a layer of dense granular material is positioned above a layer of air. The initially flat front defined by the grains subsequently develops into a pattern of falling granular fingers separated by rising bubbles of air. A transient coarsening ...

the distribution pattern of pest population is one of the factors not only effects on sampling program and data analysis method, but also can be used to measure the density of pests and their natural enemies. thus, the spatial distribution pattern of the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum harris (hem.: aphididae) and its two major predators, hippodamia variegata goeze (col.: coccinellidae) and cocc...

We generalize the method of quantizing effective strings proposed by Polchinski and Strominger to superstrings. The Ramond-Neveu-Schwarz string is different from the Green-Schwarz string in non-critical dimensions. Both are anomaly-free and Poincare invariant. Some implications of the results are discussed. The formal analogy with 4D (super)gravity is pointed out.