Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of idiopathic osteosclerosis on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of patients. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 240 CBCT scans of patients (125 women, 115 men) referred to a private oral and maxillofacial radiology clinic in Tehran in 2013 were selected and evaluated. Presence of idiopathic osteosc...

Shape theory provides a framework for the study of data types in which shape and data can be manipulated separately. This paper is concerned with shape checking, i.e. the detection of shape errors, such as array bound errors, without handling the data. It can be seen as a form of partial evaluation in which data computations are ignored. We construct a simply-typed lambda-calculus that supports...

introduction: this study aimed at examining body image and eating attitude with regard to reasons of exercising among non-athlete women attending sport centers. materials and methods: the present study has an ex-post facto design. 315 female sports center users were selected by multi-phase random clustering and completed the following rating scales: eating attitudes test-26 (eat-26), body image...

coincides with the standard (central) tν distribution. In the following, represents the effect size; by convention, a of 0.5 is considered a "medium" effect size. In Figure 1 are shown three instances of the t′ density envelope for ν = 10, one with δ = 0 (a standard t), and two with δ = 3 and δ = 6 : one may note that, whereas t10(δ = 0) is centered at 0 and symmetrical, the non-central t′’s ar...

Many Six Sigma practitioners use “Student’s” independent two-sample t-test when investigating differences in means. This type of test is based upon drawing random samples from two independent normal (Gaussian) distributions. Often, however, the assumption of normality and/or random sampling is violated. This article discusses when and why the two-sample t-test may be considered robust to these ...

Five inferential methods employed in single-case studies to compare a case to controls are examined; all of these make use of a t-distribution. It is shown that three of these ostensibly different methods are in fact strictly equivalent and are not fit for purpose; they are associated with grossly inflated Type I errors (these exceed even the error rate obtained when a case's score is converted...

In clinical research, comparisons of the results from experimental and control groups are often encountered. The two-sample t-test (also called independent samples t-test) and the paired t-test are probably the most widely used tests in statistics for the comparison of mean values between two samples. However, confusion exists with regard to the use of the two test methods, resulting in their i...

In this paper we propose an improvement of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality. In the current implementation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, a sample is compared with a normal distribution where the sample mean and the sample variance are used as parameters of the distribution. We propose to select the mean and variance of the normal distribution that provide the closest fit to the data....