The outcome of murine infection with Leishmania major is regulated by major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T helper cells. Invariant chain-deficient (Ii -/-) mice have impaired ability to present major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted antigens, and reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells. Despite these deficits, C57BL/6 Ii -/- mice controlled L. major infection comparably ...

Eosinophilic inflammation in combination with immunoglobulin E (IgE) production is a characteristic feature of atopic dermatitis. Although activated T-helper type (Th) 2 cells play critical roles in the local accumulation and activation of eosinophils, whether they induce eosinophilic skin inflammation, independent of the IgE-mediated pathway has been unclear. To address the functional role of ...

The chemokine receptor CCR4 mediates CCL17- and CCL22-driven chemotaxis of Th2 cells into the skin patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). RPT193 is an oral inhibitor that has been developed to treat AD other allergic inflammatory diseases. safety efficacy as monotherapy for moderate-to-severe was previously described in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded Phase 1 study. Here, we present periphe...

Dysregulated T cell responses to enteric bacteria have been implicated as a common mechanism underlying pathogenesis in rodent models of colitis. However, the bacterial species and T cell specificities that induce disease have been poorly defined. We have developed a model system in which target antigen, bacterial host, and corresponding T cell specificity are defined. OVA-specific T cells from...

Severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) has been associated with T-helper type 2 (Th2) inflammatory response. A good understanding of T cell functions in is important for therapy, especially the choice biological treatments severe cases. Mepolizumab, an IL-5 antagonist, indicated treatment asthma. Regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress inflammation by secreting cytokines that inhibit Th2 proliferation. We ...

It has long been known that thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) can produce cytokines that have powerful effects on hematopoiesis. All major classes of T cells--CD4 T helper cells, CD4 regulatory T cells, CD8 T cells, gammadelta T cells and NKT cells--produce a number of cytokines and chemokines that can modulate hematopoiesis. More recent research has shown that specific T helper cell types, ...

T helper 2 (Th2) cells regulate helminth infections, allergic disorders, tumor immunity, and pregnancy by secreting various cytokines. It is likely that there are undiscovered Th2 signaling molecules. Although steroids are known to be immunoregulators, de novo steroid production from immune cells has not been previously characterized. Here, we demonstrate production of the steroid pregnenolone ...

After activation CD4(+) helper T cells differentiate into T-helper (Th) 1 or Th2 effector cells. These two subsets are characterized by their distinct cytokine expression pattern and the immune function they mediate. Over the past years, a number of factors have been identified to affect helper T cell lineage determination, including antigen receptor, coreceptors and, most importantly, cytokine...

Allergen immunotherapy is allergen-specific, allergen dose- and time-dependent and is associated with long-term clinical and immunological tolerance that persists for years after discontinuation. Successful immunotherapy is accompanied by the suppression of numbers of T-helper 2 (Th2) effector cells, eosinophils, basophils, c-kit+mast cells and neutrophils infiltration in target organs, inducti...

Follicular T-to-be Helper T (Th) cell identity may not be for life. According to a pair of studies from Zaretsky et al. (page 991) and King and Mohrs (page 1001), Th2 cells can turn into follicular T cells when duty calls. Many immunologists consider each Th cell subset to be its own distinct class. The same is true of follicular T cells, CD4 + cells found in the B cell follicles and germinal c...