opsis of all flow features simultaneously. Good examples of 2D synoptic visualizations are weather maps from both TV news reports and online Web pages. The human visual system is adept at finding patterns within larger contexts, and we hypothesize that synoptic visualization methods will help users find unexpected features more quickly and thus speed the understanding of complex 3D time-varying...

We evaluate planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parametrizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model, with three connected objectives: first, for a 16-year period, we use a cluster analysis algorithm of three-day back-trajectories to determine general synoptic flow patterns over Barcelona, Spain arriving at heights of 0.5, 1.5, and 3 km; to represent the lower PBL, upper PB...

Wintertime temperature profiles in the Grand Canyon exhibit a neutral to isothermal stratification during both daytime and nighttime, with only rare instances of actual temperature inversions. The canyon warms during daytime and cools during nighttime more or less uniformly through the canyon’s entire depth. This weak stability and temperature structure evolution differ from other Rocky Mountai...

Eady edge waves (EEWs) propagate on surface baroclinic zones and they resemble synoptic sub-synoptic scale frontal wave-trains. The wave-trains are frequently depicted charts, occur per se a front with local baroclinicity extremum. possible linkage of EEWs to is explored within the framework so-called ‘surface quasi-geostrophic dynamics’ by establishing properties free forced propagati...

[1] We present a validation of a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model for the solar corona and the inner heliosphere. We compare the results of the model with long-term satellite data at 1 AU for a 1 year period during solar minimum and another year period of solar maximum. Overall, the model predicts rather well the magnitude of the magnetohydrodynamical variables for solar minimum cond...

Cortaderia (Poaceae; Danthonioideae) is a medium-sized genus of C3 tussock grasses, widespread in the temperate to tropic-alpine regions of South America. It is particularly important in the subalpine and alpine zones of the Andes. We revised the classification of the genus, and recognize 17 species grouped into five informal groups. We describe one new species, Cortaderia echinata H.P.Linder, ...