Facial expression is the essential complementary of the verbal communication between humans. “Face is a window to the heart.” An ancient proverb tells us the importance of facial expression more than anything. When harmonic and symmetric movement of both sides of the face has lost, one is unable to express his emotion by distorted facial movement. This person becomes unwilling to communicate, h...

The facial motor system is responsible for functions critical to physical, social and psychological well-being (VanSwearingen & Brach, 1996). Facial nerve paralysis is a lifealtering clinical condition, with functional, aesthetic and communication implications for the individuals who are afflicted (Hadlock, 2008). It differs from most other clinical conditions in that it is the end result of a ...

OBJECTIVES Incomplete return of facial motor function and synkinesis continue to be long-term sequelae in some patients with Bell's palsy. The aim of this report is to describe a prospective study in which a well-defined surgical decompression of the facial nerve was performed in a population of patients with Bell's palsy who exhibit the electrophysiologic features associated with poor outcomes...

Hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key player in normal puberty and sexual development and function. Genetic causes of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) have been identified during the recent years affecting the synthesis, secretion, or action of GnRH. Developmental defects of GnRH neurons and the olfactory bulb are associated with hyposmia, rarely associated wit...

Approximately a third of cases of acute peripheral facial weakness are caused by trauma, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, eclampsia, the Ramsay Hunt syndrome (facial palsy with zoster oticus caused by varicella–zoster virus), Lyme disease, sarcoidosis, Sjögren’s syndrome, parotid gland tumors, and amyloidosis and may even be a complication of intranasal influenza vaccine.1 The remaining two thi...

There are more than 140 references in the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus to papers on fusion of cervical vertebrae, including the KlippelFeil syndrome. A particularly useful review of the Klippel-Feil syndrome is that by Erskine (1946). He wrote that 'Essential features of the cervical deformity are synostosis of two or more cervical vertebrae and flattening and widening of the vertebrae bo...

A 65 year old black male presents with chronic right facial paralysis. After poor response to standard treatment, additional testing reveals seventh nerve palsy caused by parotid malignancy. I. Case History -Patient Demographics 65 year old black male presents for ophthalmic consultation requested by his otolaryngologist. -Chief Complaint Patient reports onset of right sided facial paralysis be...

The primary function of the eyelids is to maintain ocular health and protection. In facial paralysis, neurogenic dysfunction orbicularis oculi muscle complex leads a spectrum periocular issues including xerophthalmia, exposure keratopathy, lower eyelid malposition contributing epiphora deformity. Conservative techniques can foster safe environment for patients awaiting surgical intervention. Ey...