Tendon transfers commonly are used to restore arm and hand function after injury to the main motor nerves or after spinal cord injury. Surgeons traditionally use passive tension to determine the length at which a muscle should be attached during tendon transfer. The principles used to choose the length at which the transferred muscle should be attached still are relatively vague and have not be...

Group I reflex functions, namely monosynaptic reflex transmission, facilitation of synergists, and direct and disynaptic inhibition, show early post-tetanic potentiation following conditioning with a brief, high frequency, tetanus. Of these reflex functions, monosynaptic transmission always shows low frequency depression. Direct inhibitory pathways, and therefore inhibitory junctions, are insen...

Experience with the aflatoxin problem may provide a useful guide in dealing with problems that may arise with other mycotoxins. Characteristics of mycotoxin situations are delineated. A multidisciplinary approach is needed in the following problem cases: (i) Identification of the fungus responsible and isolation and characterization of the mycotoxin(s). (iO Accurate analytical methodology for d...

Many bacterial pathogens are becoming drug resistant faster than we can develop new antimicrobials. To address this threat in public health, a metamodel antimicrobial cocktail optimization (MACO) scheme is demonstrated for rapid screening of potent antibiotic cocktails using uropathogenic clinical isolates as model systems. With the MACO scheme, only 18 parallel trials were required to determin...

Long lasting pyrethroid treated bednets are the most important tool for preventing malaria. Pyrethroid resistant Anopheline mosquitoes are now ubiquitous in Africa, though the public health impact remains unclear, impeding the deployment of more expensive nets. Meta-analyses of bioassay studies and experimental hut trials are used to characterise how pyrethroid resistance changes the efficacy o...

1. Carbaryl is metabolized more rapidly by fat body of the blowfly larva than by gut, muscle, cuticle or haemolymph. 2. Metabolism of carbaryl by the fat body is affected by the age of the larva, the pH of the incubation medium, and the concentration of magnesium chloride in the incubation medium. 3. Chloramphenicol, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 5-dimethylamino-6-nitro-1,3-benzodioxole (a carbaryl syn...