This paper focuses on optical music recognition (OMR) system that recognizes the musical symbols on a digitized music sheet and converts them into symbolic music representation. Two main stages are distinguished – pre-processing and symbol analysis. In the pre-processing stage, staves are detected and removed; while in the symbol analysis stage, each musical symbol is recognized and analyzed. T...

In attempting to force ALVINN’ into their already bulging symbolist tent, Vera and Simon (1993a, 1993b, 1993c) have burst the seams of the physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH; Newell, 1980a; Newell & Simon, 1976). We would like to present another view of representation in connectionist networks and respond to statements about ALVINN by both Vera and Simon and Green0 and Moore (1993). In so ...

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In his work on the information content of English text in 1951, Shannon described a method of recoding the input text, a technique which has apparently lain dormant for the ensuing 45 years. Whereas traditional compressors exploit symbol frequencies and symbol contexts, Shannon’s method adds the concept of “symbol ranking”, as in ‘the next symbol is the one 3rd most likely in the present contex...

Examining the major differences between how traditional programs compute and our current understanding of how brains compute, I see only one key gap in our ability to carry out logical reasoning within neural networks using standard methods. I refer to this gap as the reusable symbol problem: How can neural systems use multiply-instantiatable symbols to represent arbitrary objects? This problem...

We prove several results related to local proofs, interpolation and superposition calculus and discuss their use in predicate abstraction and invariant generation. Our proofs and results suggest that symbol-eliminating inferences may be an interesting alternative to interpolation.

This paper deals with efficient numerical representation and manipulation of differential and integral operators as symbols in phase-space, i.e., functions of space x and frequency ξ. The symbol smoothness conditions obeyed by many operators in connection to smooth linear partial differential equations allow to write fast-converging, non-asymptotic expansions in adequate systems of rational Che...

We propose a novel technique, hereby referred to as pilot symbol assisted coding (PSAC), where a predetermined fraction of binary pilot symbols is interspersed with the channel-coded bits at the channel coding stage, instead of multiplexing the pilots with the data symbols at the modulation stage, as in classic pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM). We subsequently demonstrate that the PSAC s...

The interaction mechanism between AC and DC systems in a hybrid AC-DC transmission grid is discussed with PSS/E software. Analysis shows that receiving-end AC faults may cause much more damage on the HVDC system operation than the sending-end AC faults in a multi-infeed HVDC system, and the damage severity depends on the power recovering rate of the HVDC systems. For HVDC systems with slow powe...

Let V be a nite relational vocabulary in which no symbol has arity greater than 2. Let M be countable V -structure which is homogeneous, simple and 1based. The rst main result says that if M is, in addition, primitive, then it is strongly interpretable in a random structure. The second main result, which generalizes the rst, implies (without the assumption on primitivity) that if M is coordinat...