The paper addresses design/building frameworks for some kinds of tree-like and hierarchical structures of systems. The following approaches are examined: (1) expert-based procedure, (2) hierarchical clustering; (3) spanning problems (e.g., minimum spanning tree, minimum Steiner tree, maximum leaf spanning tree problem; (4) design of organizational " optimal " hierarchies; (5) design of multi-la...

The paper describes clustering problems from the combinatorial viewpoint. A brief systemic survey is presented including the following: (i) basic clustering problems (e.g., classification, clustering, sorting, clustering with an order over cluster), (ii) basic approaches to assessment of objects and object proximities (i.e., scales, comparison, aggregation issues), (iii) basic approaches to eva...

Background The annual number of retracted publications in the scientific literature is rapidly increasing. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and reason for retraction of cancer publications and to determine how journals in the cancer field handle retracted articles. Methods We searched three online databases (MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library) from database incept...

Periocular refers to the facial region in the vicinity of the eye, including eyelids, lashes and eyebrows. While face and irises have been extensively studied, the periocular region has emerged as a promising trait for unconstrained biometrics, following demands for increased robustness of face or iris systems. With a surprisingly high discrimination ability, this region can be easily obtained ...

this research aims at investigating the role of certain factors in organizational culture in the success of knowledge sharing. the research question asks which cultural factors affect knowledge sharing in r&d; center of petrochemical industry. research method used in research is survey. of the 190 survey packages sent out, 132 of the questionnaires returned. to analyze data we use spearman corr...

This report summarizes my overview talk on software clone detection research. It first discusses the notion of software redundancy, cloning, duplication, and similarity. Then, it describes various categorizations of clone types, empirical studies on the root causes for cloning, current opinions and wisdom of consequences of cloning, empirical studies on the evolution of clones, ways to remove, ...

Though some data needs can be met using program information collected as part of the claims process, these data are not sufficient to prwide a comprehensive picture of the degree to which Social Security contributes to the economic security of the beneficiary population. Additional information-such as other income sources, amount of total income, assets, work experience, and health-is essential...

There are no commercial speech translation systems in operation to date, but a number of industrial and government projects are exploring their feasibility. The feasibility of speech translation depends largely on the scope of the application, and ranges from applications that are well within range, such as voice activated dictionaries, to those that will remain impossible for the foreseeable f...

A brief survey of biological research on non-coding DNA is presented here. There has been growing interest in the eeects of non-coding segments in evolutionary algorithms (EAs). To better understand and conduct research on non-coding segments and EAs, it is important to understand the biological background of such work. This paper begins with a review of basic genetics and terminology, describe...