When it comes to last, it is regarded as the critical foundation of shoe design and development. Not only the last relates to the comfort of shoes wearing but also it aids the production of shoe styling and manufacturing. In order to enhance the efficiency and application of last development, a computer aided methodology for customized last form designs is proposed in this study. The reverse en...

The purpose of the present study is to examine a) how lower-intermediate and upperintermediate level Turkish learners of English-as-a-foreign language (EFL) realize refusals in English, b) the differences between native and non-native speakers of English in the use of refusals, and c) if L2 proficiency affects possible pragmatic transfer or not. The participants in the study included 18 native ...

Thisarticleprovidesinformationonanactionresearchprojectinalow-levelEFLsettinginJapan. Theprojectaimswereto1)fosterspokencommunicationskillsand2)helpstudentsengagewith theirownlearning.Theprojectinvestigatedtheapplicabilityofboardgamesasamediatingtoolfor authenticcommunicationaspartofawiderTBLTapproachtolanguagedevelopmen.Quantitative ...

Post-focus compression (PFC), the lowering of fundamental frequency and intensity after focus, is previously found in English but not in Cantonese. This study examines the possible transfer of PFC between these two languages through bilingualism. It is found that out of ten bilingual EnglishCantonese speakers, eight have PFC in their English, but none has PFC in their Cantonese. This finding su...

This study employed the Strategy Inventory for Language Learners (SILL) to investigate the frequency and types of language learning strategies used by 65 students studying English as a Second Language (ESL) in a university Intensive English Program (IEP) in the western United States. Students came from 15 different countries and represented three instructional levels within the program. Results...

Researches on lexical knowledge basically focus on the acquisition of the deep lexical knowledge. The lexical-conceptual organization of Chinese EFL learners’ mental lexicon has been a most researched issue. This paper is to review the existing literature in this field and propose the controversies on the language effects on the lexical linking patterns of the learners, which are hopefully clue...