A conductive metallic particle in a gas-insulated metal-enclosed system can charge through conduction or induction and move between electrodes on insulating surfaces, which may lead to breakdown flashover. The the charging time vary depending spatial electric field intensity, shape, electrode surface coating. charged under influence of field, it discharge become electrically when colliding with...

A time-of-flight technique has been used to measure residual charge in the scattering of laserproduced pulses of ck + (k = 1 to 4) and. Alm + (m =2 to 5) ions from a well-outgassed amorphous gold-iridium surface under UHV conditions (2X Torr). Ions incident at 7' to the surface were specularly reflected. The analysis showed the survival of singly charged ions in the case of scattering 300-, 400...

We have developed a theoretical model [1] for ionic transport through synthetic conical nanopores. The results have been compared with experiments obtained for single, gold–coated conical nanopores. The model [1] describes quantitatively the ionic transport through synthetic conical nanopores. It is based on the Poisson and Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations and allows the calculation of realistic p...

We have developed an automated parameter optimization software framework (ParOpt) that implements the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm and applied it to a coarse-grained polarizable water model. The model employs a tabulated, modified Morse potential with decoupled short- and long-range interactions incorporating four water molecules per interaction site. Polarizability is introduced by the additi...

The extent of multiple charging of protein ions in electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra depends on the solvent-exposed surface area, but it may also be influenced by a variety of other extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Gas-phase ion chemistry (charge-transfer and charge-partitioning reactions) appears to be the major extrinsic factor influencing the extent of protonation as detected by ESI...

A silicon dioxide (SiO2) electret passivates the surface of crystalline silicon (Si) in two ways: (i) when annealed and hydrogenated, the SiO2–Si interface has a low density of interface states, offering few energy levels through which electrons and holes can recombine; and (ii) the electret’s quasipermanent charge repels carriers of the same polarity, preventing most from reaching the SiO2–Si ...

With the broad interest in and development of superhydrophobic surfaces for self-cleaning, condensation heat transfer enhancement and anti-icing applications, more detailed insights on droplet interactions on these surfaces have emerged. Specifically, when two droplets coalesce, they can spontaneously jump away from a superhydrophobic surface due to the release of excess surface energy. Here we...

Charge ladders of bovine carbonic anhydrase II, hen egg-white lysozyme, and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, prepared by partial acetylation of primary amino groups on the surface of the protein, have been analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) using solution conditions that maintain the native structure of the protein. CE wa...

Conductance characteristics of nanofluidic channels (nanochannels) fall into two regimes: at low ionic concentrations, conductance is governed by surface charge while at high ionic concentrations it is determined by nanochannel geometry and bulk ionic concentration. We used aminosilane chemistry and streptavidin-biotin binding to study the effects of surface reactions on nanochannel conductance...