PURPOSE To examine the number and distribution of muscle spindles in all extraocular muscles (EOMs) in humans. METHODS Thirty-six EOMs were obtained after death from three persons 67, 72, and 83 years of age. Serial sections were made throughout the length of these muscles. Consecutive sections were stained with different methods. To discriminate true spindles from false spindles, light micro...

Eye muscle fibers can be divided into two categories: nontwitch, multiply innervated muscle fibers (MIFs), and twitch, singly innervated muscle fibers (SIFs). We investigated the location of motoneurons supplying SIFs and MIFs in the six extraocular muscles of monkeys. Injections of retrograde tracers into eye muscles were placed either centrally, within the central SIF endplate zone; in an int...

purpose: to determine the anatomical location of the inferior oblique (io) muscle and any possible correlation between io overaction and io muscle mass. methods: in this interventional case series, eyes undergoing primary surgery for io overaction underwent measurement of the distance between io muscle borders from the limbus as well as muscle belly circumference, intraoperatively. results: ove...

The Otodontidae include some of the largest sharks to ever live in the world's oceans (i.e., Carcharocles megalodon). Here we report on Paleocene and Eocene occurrences of Otodus obliquus and Carcharocles auriculatus from Alabama, USA. Teeth of Otodus are rarely encountered in the Gulf Coastal Plain and this report is one of the first records for Alabama. Carcharocles auriculatus is more common...

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PURPOSE To study whether the variation in maximum oblique muscle size accounts for individual variation in the Bielschowsky head tilt phenomenon (BHTP) in clinically diagnosed superior oblique (SO) palsy. METHODS Seventeen subjects with clinically diagnosed early-onset or idiopathic SO palsy and 14 normal subjects were enrolled in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in coronal and sag...

We describe a novel treatment of superior oblique myokymia. A 40-year-old woman was treated with gabapentin for this disorder with partial success and reported significant side effects including loss of libido and weight gain. After a drug holiday, memantine therapy was initiated resulting in a substantial improvement in her symptoms with far fewer side effects and stability on long-term mainte...

The production of d-lactic acid, a major fermentation product of Scenedesmus obliquus strain D(3), is inhibited by light. This inhibition has been observed in the wild type as well as in Bishop's mutant 11. However, in mutant 8, which lacks photophosphorylation, light stimulated the formation of d-lactic acid.