Potassium chloride and sulfate were injected into the vacuole of Valonia. The surviving cells tolerated the presence of these solutions. Sulfate, although ordinarily absent from the sap, is not rapidly eliminated when introduced. Hence the sulfate occasionally found in cells of normal appearance may have entered due to temporary injury followed by recovery.

Chemical investigation of two species of marine ascidians, Aplidium elegans and Ciona edwardsii, collected in Mediterranean area, led to isolation of a series of alkyl sulfates (compounds 1-5) including three new molecules 1-3. Structures of the new metabolites have been elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Based on previously reported cytotoxic activity of these type of molecules, compounds 1...

[reaction: see text]. We report the synthesis of cyclic sulfates by halocyclization. The resulting cyclic sulfate products can be opened selectively with sodium azide to transform them into highly functionalized compounds that contain azide, alcohol, and halide groups.

Sulfated polysaccharides were extracted from Ulva pertusa and fractionated to obtain the most immunostimulating fraction (F(2)). The glycosidic linkages of the polysaccharides in the fraction F(2) were determined using GC-MS and 2D-NMR spectroscopy after chemical modifications, including reduction and desulfation under various conditions. Methanol was used as a sulfate acceptor for the removal ...

Considerable indirect evidence (1-4) and some direct evidence (5-8) indicate that glycosaminoglycans (GAG) promote certain types of morphogenesis and cell differentiat ion. Removal of basement m e m b r a n e by hyaluronidase disrupts salivary gland branching (2) and hyaluronate interferes with chondrocyte aggregat ion (5). On the positive side, chondromucopro te in s t imulates the synthesis o...

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ubiquitously found at the cell surface and extracellular matrix in all the animal species. This review will focus on the structural characteristics of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans related to protein interactions leading to cell signaling. The heparan sulfate chains due to their vast structural diversity are able to bind and interact with a wide variety of ...

A number of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) species related to heparin, dermatan sulfate (DeS) and chondroitin sulfate were tested for their ability to interfere with the physiological expression and/or pathological overexpression of the TGF-β1 gene. The influence of the molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, degree of sulfation and location of the sulfate groups was examined in an attempt to...