Amyloid B-peptide (AB), the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, is hypothesized to be a key factor in the neurodegeneration seen in AD. Recently it has been shown by us and others that the neurotoxicity of AB occurs in conjunction with free radical oxidative stress associated with the peptide. AB(1-40) and several other fragments of the AB sequence are associat...

A constitution is a body of laws that composed various branches which exist as the legal source its powers. These are designed to regulate by defining role executive, legislature and judiciary, three organs government Baron Montesquieu defined necessary in constitution. The constitutional can be evaluated on capacity (i) maintain rule law, (ii) preserve an electoral mechanism for political demo...

Advances in high-throughput technology in molecular biology have been producing lots of sequence data on various organisms. Some organisms like virus have various variances in their nucleotide sequences and could be categorized into several subtypes. A sequential pattern which characterizes a subtype and discriminates it from other subtypes is called signature. This paper proposes a method whic...

Insulin hormone is an important part of the endocrine system. It contains two polypeptide chains and plays a pivotal role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin receptors (IR) located on cell surface interacts with insulin to control the intake of glucose. Although several studies have tried to clarify the interaction between insulin and its receptor, the mechanism of this interaction r...

We reported a case of anesthetic treatment of appendicectomy to a patient under potato poisoning. The overview of potato poisoning has been reviewed in the report and the symptom of the patient under potato poisoning comparing with other appendicitis patients has been described. We highlighted the deference of methodology of anesthetic treatment comparing the patient under potato poisoning with...

The situation calculus is one of the most established formalisms for reasoning about action and change. In this paper we will review the basics of Reiter’s version of the situation calculus, show how knowledge and time have been addressed in this framework, and point to some of the weaknesses of the situation calculus with respect to time. We then present a modal version of the situation calcul...

with increasing competition in today’s markets, the vital point for companies is to maintain their market shares. therefore, marketers try to vitalize the companies’ brands, in order to maintain their position in market. whereas, creation a new brand is very costly and time consuming and its chance of success is limited, nowadays, more than ever, marketers are trying to achieve their goals thro...

A fundamental aspect of general reasoning about physical systems is qualitative reasoning about continuous processes. The situation calculus is proposed as a framework for qualitative reasoning with some desirable properties that are less evident in the traditional framework, qualitative physics. However, in order to handle qualitative reasoning about continuous properties, we extend the concur...