The focus of this research was on UVB radiation (280-320 nm) responsible for cellular changes in skin of acute and chronically exposed individuals. This study investigated the acute cellular damages triggered by UVB exposure of cultured human fibroblasts and keratinocyte cells immediately and 24 h post exposure in order to understand damage onset and progression. The study evaluated a number of...

Subsurface damages (SSD), which are introduce during grinding process of optical components for high power lasers applications, act as initiator for laser damage and are responsible of the low lifetime of these components. The knowledge of the SSD depth is essential to remove the damaged layer of the optical component during the last finishing step of grinding. However, existing methods to meas...

BACKGROUND To present an overview of the clinical negligence claims for ophthalmology in the National Health Service (NHS) in England from 1995 to 2006. To compare ophthalmic subspecialties with respect to claim numbers and payments. METHODS All the claims on the NHS Litigation Authority database for ophthalmology for the period 1995 to 2006 were analysed. Claims were categorised by ophthalmi...

The earthquake hit Pakistan on October 8, 2005. The Balakot, Palas Valley, Muzaffarabad and Bagh areas of NWFP and AJ and K were adversely affected. Being eminent because of their forestry resources, it was essential to assess the damages caused by the earthquake. For the purpose, the study was launched with primary focus of investigating the forest damages due to the earthquake in the aforemen...

given the scarcity of water resources using modern methods of irrigation in agriculture will be inevitable. today, process improvement, development and use of drip irrigation practices as one of the most advanced methods of irrigation in agriculture is increasing. so this study was conducted to determine the impacts of irrigation interval and drip irrigation method and their interactions on yie...

Some states have allocated the authority to determine the amount of punitive damages to judges rather than to juries. This study explored the determination of damages by jury-eligible citizens and trial court judges. The punitive damage awards of both groups were of similar magnitude and variability. The compensatory damages ofjurors were marginally lower but, in some conditions, were more vari...

Background Male infertility is a multifactorial syndrome encompassing a wide variety of disorders. In more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown (idiopathic) and could be congenital or acquired. OGG1 is a bifunctional glycosylaseii, in that it has both AP lyase and DNA glycosylase activity and one of its functions is to excise and remove 8-oxo-dGuo from DNA. Amon...

The microstructure of a mechanically finished calcium fluoride (CaF2) was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The (111) oriented surfaces of high-purity CaF2 single crystals were finished to a flat surface by ultra-precision mechanical polishing. A float polishing method—with 7-nm-diameter silicon dioxide powder, pure water, and a tin lap—was employed for the finishing. Prior to ...