background: recurrent spontaneous abortion (rsa) is defined as three or more se-quential abortions before the twentieth week of gestation. there are evidences to sup-port an allo-immunologic mechanism for rsa. one of the methods for treatment of rsa is leukocyte therapy; however there is still controversy about effectiveness of this method. objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of leukocyte...

Anthrax is a lethal disease caused by the gram-positive spore-producing bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Live attenuated vaccines, such as the nonencapsulated Sterne strain, do not meet the safety standards mandated for human use in the Western world and are approved for veterinary purposes only. Here we demonstrate that disrupting the htrA gene, encoding the chaperone/protease HtrA (High Temperat...

To study the involvement of immune responses against Tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in the growth of and gene suppression in Tax-expressing tumor cells in vivo, we established a model system involving C57BL/6J mice and a syngeneic lymphoma cell line, EL4. When mice were immunized by DNA-based immunization with Tax expression plasmids, solid tumor formation upon subcutaneous ...

After subcutaneous inoculation into the hind foot of a mouse, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus multiplies locally, attaining 10(7)-10(8) mouse infectious units per g of tissue; elimination commences around day 7. About 1 day earlier, the foot begins to swell, which is regarded as a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. To answer the question of whether the local inflammatory...

Subunit vaccines comprised of glycoprotein D (gD-2) failed to prevent HSV-2 highlighting need for novel strategies. To test the hypothesis that deletion of gD-2 unmasks protective antigens, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of an HSV-2 virus deleted in gD-2 and complemented allowing a single round of replication on cells expressing HSV-1 gD (ΔgD(-/+gD-1)). Subcutaneous immunization of C57BL/...

The blood pressure of rabbits with chronic one-kidney hypertension can be lowered to normal by immunization with hog kidney cortex preparations that do not contain renin, thus providing evidence for a new factor essential for the maintenance of an elevated blood pressure. A search for the new factor has led to the discovery of a hypertensive substance which we have named renopressin. Subcutaneo...

In the early autumn of 1963, 957 volunteers were inoculated with Admune (an oil-adjuvant polyvalent influenza vaccine) and 337 with Munevan (an aqueous polyvalent vaccine). A survey by questionnaire suggested that the oil-adjuvant vaccine was more acceptable to the inoculated than the aqueous one. The oil-adjuvant vaccine seemed less likely than the aqueous to provoke serious side effects in un...

Leishmaniasis provides a biologically relevant model to analyze the heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells and may lead to answering the major question of the mechanism for the preferential induction of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to the tandemly repeating regions of Leishmania proteins, we have identified an epitope that can preferentially induce the dise...

Hens were immunized on thighs by using whole cells of Streptococcus mutans MT8148 serotype c strain as antigen through intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc) routes to investigate the difference of immunization reactions and the changes in yolk antibody activities against antigen after initial immunization. Several properties of crude IgY were examined to evaluate the stability during food pr...

BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the biochemical, immunological, histopathological and antischistosomal activities of Schistosoma mansoni or Fasciola gigantica worm homogenates mixed either with or without saponin that was extracted from Atriplex nummularia. METHODOLOGY The immunization schedule was based on subcutaneous administration of two doses (50 microg /100 microl PBS) of each ho...