the aim to achieve in this study is to recover the cr(iii) and process waters used in thewastewaters of chrome tanning operation by membrane process during leather production. in the treatmentalternative contains, cartridge filter, nanofiltration (nf(np10)), nanofiltration nf(xn45) and reverse osmosisro(acm2) membranes. the raw chrome wastewater from the cartridge filter was given to nf(np10)me...

this paper is a survey of recent contributions to and developments in the relationship between efficiency and productivity via the production function. the objective is to provide a brief discussion on data and on the methods of measuring efficiency and productivity. first, we introduce the reader to the measurement of partial and total factor productivity in the context of static and firm - sp...

The requirements of industrial applications only rarely permit the exclusive use of single paradigms in the development of real-time systems. Product cost, reuse of existing solutions, and efficiency require diverse, or even opposing methods to coexist or to be integrated. In this paper, we deal with one problem encountered during the development of a real-time system for motion control in auto...

background: the present study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of dynamic interspinous spacer (coflex®) and static spacer (x-stop ®) compared to laminectomy (lami) in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.   methods: a decision-analysis model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness. the effectiveness parameters were obtained from a systematic literature review in relevant databas...

generally ordering policies are done by two methods, including fix order quantity (foq) and fix order period (fop). these methods are static and either the quantity of ordering or the procedure of ordering is fixing in throughout time horizon. in real environments, demand is varying in any period and may be considered as uncertainty. when demand is variable in any period, the traditional and st...

This paper analyzes pharmaceutical pricing between and within countries to achieve second-best static and dynamic efficiency. We distinguish countries with and without universal insurance, because insurance undermines patients' price sensitivity, potentially leading to prices above second-best efficient levels. In countries with universal insurance, if each payer unilaterally sets an incrementa...

In the absence of a perfect risk adjustment scheme, cost sharing can reduce risk selection in community-rated health insurance markets. However, cost sharing also reduces incentives for efficiency. In this paper, we develop a model in which insurers determine the cost efficiency of health care. They have incentives for risk selection because there are two risk types which differ in their expect...

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud providers offer a number of different tariff structures. The user has to balance the flexibility of the often quoted pay-by-the-hour, fixed price (“on demand”) model against the lower-cost-per-hour rate of a “reserved contract”. These tariff structures offer a significantly reduced cost per server hour (up to 50%), in exchange for an up-front payment by ...

this paper tries to determine efficiency of noise control method using fuzzy logic and based on collected data. from among various methods of noise control in workplace, sex methods (enclosure, installing noise absorber, enclosure and absorber, active, and administrative control, and personal protective equipment) were typically selected based on experts' judgment. for each of selected control ...