We examine the efficiency of using individual stocks or portfolios as base assets to test asset pricing models using cross-sectional data. The literature has argued that creating portfolios reduces idiosyncratic volatility and allows more precise estimates of factor loadings, and consequently risk premia. We show analytically and empirically that smaller standard errors of portfolio beta estima...

In the interpretation of the geometry of second order response surface models, standard errors and confidence intervals for the eigenvalues of the second order coefficient matrix play an important role. In this article, we propose a new method for estimating the standard errors, and hence approximate confidence intervals, of these eigenvalues. The method is simple in both concept and execution....

This paper develops an asymptotic theory for test statistics in linear panel models that are robust to heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation and/or spatial correlation. Two classes of standard errors are analyzed. Both are based on nonparametric heteroskedasticity autocorrelation (HAC) covariance matrix estimators. The …rst class is based on averages of HAC estimates across individuals in the cro...

A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and a bootstrap method were compared in the estimation of standard errors of item response theory (IRT) true score equating. Three test form relationships were examined: parallel, tauequivalent, and congeneric. Data were simulated based on Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary tests of the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills1. For parallel and congeneric test form...

Modified least squares method (LSM) is developed that take into account errors in input standard signals for calibration of measuring devices. Calibration of the differential pressure gage by the standard control-point setting mechanisms is demonstrated in the paper as an example. The accuracy of the coefficient estimates changes when the errors of the control-point setting mechanisms are taken...

Spelling is an important aspect of using the correct Indonesian language. This study aims to describe writing punctuation, capital letters, and non-standard words (spelling) in WhatsApp chats. research a qualitative descriptive study. The results this are form punctuation errors, including periods, commas, question marks. Mistakes errors letters at beginning sentences, as elements people's name...