BACKGROUND Canopy structure, which can be defined as the sum of the sizes, shapes and relative placements of the tree crowns in a forest stand, is central to all aspects of forest ecology. But there is no accepted method for deriving canopy structure from the sizes, species and biomechanical properties of the individual trees in a stand. Any such method must capture the fact that trees are high...

Using an analytical model, it was shown that for a given amount of nitrogen in the canopy of a stand (N(T)), there exists an evolutionarily stable leaf area index (ES-LAI), and therefore an evolutionarily stable average leaf nitrogen content (n(ES)(av);n(ES)(av) =N(T)/ES-LAI), at which no individual plant in the stand can increase its photosynthesis by changing its leaf area. It was also shown ...

Cold rolling process is a complicated process which can be optimized by changing in variables and settings. This paper presents a set-up optimization system developed to calculate reductions and inter-stand tensions for each stand of a five stand tandem cold mill. The main objective in this optimization is minimization of power consumption. First, by using the analytical method, the equations ...

Kennedy (2007) proposes a semantics for positive form adjectives on which the standard for ascribing an adjective A makes the individuals that are A stand out from those that are not. To account for the differences between absolute and relative adjectives, Kennedy posits that the maximal and minimal degrees on closed scales naturally make individuals stand out in a way that degrees found away f...

Prescribed burning is used as a management tool on national forests in the Southeastern United States to maintain oak (Quercus spp.) -dominated forest or woodland habitat. Few studies have examined response to burning at the stand, plot, and tree level. We documented red maple (Acer rubrum) response to dormant-season prescribed burns and the relationship with fire characteristics. At the stand ...

This study used field data and modeling to examine how coarse woody debris (CWD) differs between two areas that experienced different fire regimes (120to 300-year mean fire return intervals) in the 1500-1850 period. Although fire frequency and severity established the overall pattern of CWD succession, the interaction of fire regime with other controlling factors caused the differences in CWD m...

Humans do not only perform individual motion separately, but they transit motions from one to another. It has been widely known that human sit-to-stand and walking motions are composed of four and five muscle synergies, but it is not clarified how humans utilize these muscle synergies to generate sit-to-walk motion. This study conducted a measurement experiment to identify muscle synergy struct...