Adequate ideas are the fundamental element of Spinoza’s epistemological program. However, a recurrent worry among scholars is that account adequate inconsistent with any finite being ever having one. As I frame it, problem for Spinoza an idea in mind only if all its causal antecedents lie within as well. it seems there can be no which this true; minds come to and exist deterministic nexus, ever...

Abstract This paper argues that Spinoza held substances other than God to be inconceivable. It uses this claim develop a novel response the Problem of Other Substances (Garrett 1979, Barry 2019), problem explaining why some Spinoza’s proofs for God’s existence cannot used prove non-divine substance instead.