Background and Aims Understanding the involved mechanisms in muscle atrophy can help develop new treatment methods for atrophic conditions. Skeletal via biochemical transcriptional pathways increase expression of some related genes. The present study aims to assess effect reduced physical activity by spinal nerve ligation (SNL) after a period resistance, endurance combined exercises on MuRF-1 A...

Peripheral nerve injury increased the expression of the DNA methyltransferase 3A (Dnmt3a) mRNA and its encoding Dnmt3a protein in injured dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This increase is considered as an endogenous instigator in neuropathic pain genesis through epigenetic silencing of pain-associated genes (such as Oprm1) in injured DRG. However, how DRG DNMT3a is increased following peripheral nerv...

BACKGROUND Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant and potent use-dependent blocker of sodium channels, has been shown to attenuate acute and chronic pain in several preclinical modes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intrathecal pretreatment with amitriptyline combined with post-injury intra-peritoneal amitriptyline is more effective than post-injury treatment alone on L5...

The present study examined changes in the transcranial electrical motor-evoked potentials (TceMEP) waveform to predict neurological deficits and histopathological changes during the early and reversible stage of different levels of permanent spinal cord ischemic injury in a rabbit animal model. A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rabbits each. Group 1 u...

BACKGROUND The cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain are inadequately understood. Previous investigations have revealed disrupted Ca signaling in primary sensory neurons after injury. The authors examined the effect of injury on intracellular Ca stores of the endoplasmic reticulum, which critically regulate the Ca signal and neuronal function. METHODS Intracellular Ca levels were measured w...

A considerable body of evidence implicates endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) in conditions in which pain is a prominent feature, including neuropathic pain. However, previous studies of NGF antagonism in animal models of neuropathic pain have examined only the prevention of hyperalgesia and allodynia after injury, whereas the more relevant issue is whether treatment can provide relief of est...

Long-term potentiation of glutamatergic transmission has been observed after physiological learning or pathological injuries in different brain regions, including the spinal cord, hippocampus, amygdala, and cortices. The insular cortex is a key cortical region that plays important roles in aversive learning and neuropathic pain. However, little is known about whether excitatory transmission in ...