where EA and EB are the expected outcomes for players A and B, and RA and RB are their ratings. Here we designate a win by 1, a loss by 0, and a draw by 0.5. The spread of the ratings is set by Λ, which for chess ratings is usually taken to be Λ = 400/ log(10) = 173.72. The result of each game updates each player’s rating according to an update rule. The update rule is usually based on the diff...

Theory of Moves (TOM) is a novel approach to game theory for determining rational strategies during the play of dynamic games [2]. While alternate models such as normal form games exist, players of these games are limited to single shot interactions with each other, but within TOM, sequences of moves and counter moves are allowed. As a consequence of this framework potential cyclic behavior may...

We examine n-player stochastic games. These are dynamic games where a play evolves in stages along a finite set of states; at each stage players independently have to choose actions in the present state and these choices determine a stage payoff to each player as well as a transition to a new state where actions have to be chosen at the next stage. For each player the infinite sequence of his s...

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the associations between caregiver verbal reassurance and infant pain-related distress during immunization over the first year of life. The relationships between verbal reassurance and caregiver emotional availability (EA) were also examined. Finally, EA was investigated as a moderator of the relationship between verbal reassurance and infant pain. METHODS A ...