background and aim: research shows that 13-18 percent of the people suffer from tinnitus, almost 5 percent of which, have chronic or bothersome tinnitus. chronic tinnitus may be accompanied by anxiety, depression, insomnia, and impairment in cognitive functions such as memory and attention. the purpose of this study was to compare the verbal auditory memory and divided attention between individ...

introduction: it has been reported that oral morphine dependency facilitated formation of spatial learning and memory. in the present study the role of nmda receptors located in hippocampal ca1 area of morphine dependent rats was studied. methods: male rats were divided into 4 groups. two cannulae were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally into the hippocampal ca1 area. after 5 days recovery, a...

There are several conflicting evidences showing the effect of morphine on learning and memory processes. In the present study the effect of chronic morphine administration on passive avoidance, active avoidance and spatial learning and memory of morphine dependent male rats using Passive Avoidance shuttle box and Morris Water Maze tasks were investigated, respectively. Male rats received morphi...

objective: the present study was hypothesized to investigate the beneficial effects of fresh, aged, and cooked garlic extracts on blood glucose and memory of diabetic rats induced by streptozocine (stz). material and methods: diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of stz (60 mg/kg body weight). an oral dose of 1000 mg/kg of each garlic extract was given daily for 4 weeks after dia...

The human prefrontal cortex differs from all other mammals: the seat of complex cognition, abstract thinking, planning and future forecasting, and behavioral inhibition. Using our prefrontal cortex is a significant energy drain on the body, so despite its impressive capabilities, it’s daily capacity is limited. Some researchers estimate a mere 2-3 hours per day of activity depletes the pr...