In bacteria, active partition systems contribute to the faithful segregation of both chromosomes and low-copy-number plasmids. Each system depends on a site-specific DNA binding protein to recognize and assemble a partition complex at a centromere-like site, commonly called parS. Many plasmid, and all chromosomal centromere-binding proteins are dimeric helix-turn-helix DNA binding proteins, whi...

Immunocytochemistry and immunogold techniques were employed to classify and localize the cell producing growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in the pars distalis of the mountain frog (Rana blythii) pituitary. The pituitary glands obtained from mature frogs during the breeding season (November-February) were fixed in Bouin’s fluids for an immunocytochemical study, and in 0.2% glutaraldehyde, ...

Sir, We have read the article entitled ‘Probabilistic map of critical functional regions of the human cerebral cortex: Broca’s area revisited’ by Tate et al. (2014) with great interest. In that article, the authors presented a bilateral probabilistic map for the essential functions by integrating the data from the ‘gold standard’ for mapping brain functions (direct cortical electrostimulation) ...

Cells closely coordinate cell division with chromosome replication and segregation; however, the mechanisms responsible for this coordination still remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the spatial arrangement and temporal dynamics of the 9.1 Mb circular chromosome in the rod-shaped cells of Myxococcus xanthus. For chromosome segregation, M. xanthus uses a parABS system, which is essential,...

When a jack-up installed at a clay location and then leaves; it can create several meter deep footprints. In case of soft clay, the spudcan may have actually penetrated much deeper than the observed footprints. When the penetrated spudcan is pulled out, much of the soft remolded clay will flow around it and go back into the hole. This event, leaving a deep region of disturbed soil. The disturbe...

The P1 plasmid partition locus, P1 par, actively distributes plasmid copies to Escherichia coli daughter cells. It encodes two DNA sites and two proteins, ParA and ParB. Plasmid P7 uses a similar system, but the key macromolecular interactions are species specific. Homolog specificity scanning (HSS) exploits such specificities to map critical contact points between component macromolecules. The...

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) constitutes a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia where the final stage of information processing within this system takes place. In this study, using juxtacellular labeling and three-dimensional reconstruction methods, we investigated the spatial organization of the intranigral innervation provided by single GABAergic projection neurons from the...

The adenohypophysis of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, was studied light-microscopically to determine and estimate the cell types and their function. For these purposes, the adult specimens obtained during the period from migration to spawning were examined. Further, the juveniles caught in the spawning bed were subjected artificially to sea water. The rostral pars distalis ...