The aim of the present paper is to analyze the complexity of strict implication (together with falsum, conjunction and disjunction). We prove that Ladner’s Theorem remains valid when we restrict the language to the strict implication fragment, and that the same holds for Hemaspaandra’s Theorem. As a consequence we have that the validity problem for most standard normal modal logics is the same ...

greater pleasure in that it enables me to renew an acquaintance with a City?and a University?with which I have had such pleasant associations. I want to use the ?Pportunity to discuss with you some of the problems of ageing, both subjective and ??jective, individual and social, but I must hasten to make it clear that my approach be descriptive rather than hortatory, and that it is no part of my...

This paper discusses one of the fundamental issues in education and social program evaluation: the proper role for an evaluator. Based on respective and comparative analysis of five theorists’ positions on this fundamental issue, this paper reveals how different perspectives on other fundamental issues in evaluation such as value, methods, use and purposes can result in different roles for eval...

The aim of this paper to explain gift-giving by means of social approval. In a simple framework we are able to account for a number of stylized facts. These are that gift-giving is often reciprocal, that gifts tend to be inadequate, and that gift-giving is sometimes reduced after a monetary compensation is o¤ered. The implication for the interaction between gift-giving and the market institutio...

Over the past few years, a number of geographers, inspired by social theory of various derivations, attempted to recenter the focus of research about GIS. In place of a technical agenda, they sought to make space for studies of the implications of GIS for society at many scales and through many processes. While much of their critique serves useful purposes, the focus on implications adopts a mo...

The study aimed to compare health status and lifestyle in university students. The participants were college freshmen from physical education majors (N = 195, Mean = 20.9, SD = 1.87) and the school of Urban and Environmental majors (N = 195, Mean = 21.73, SD = 0.93) in Dalian, China. The Diagnostic Inventory of Health and Life habit (DIHAL.2) scale (Tokunaga, 2003) was administered to all parti...

Identifying feelings and experiences related to breast cancer becomes important to enable those who are part of a woman's social circle to grasp this stage of her life. For this study, a literature review was carried out in order to identify what are the most common thoughts and feelings women experience after a breast cancer diagnosis. The review was conducted through bibliographical research ...

Young children’s pretend play is considered in the context of the development of collective intentionality. It is argued that (i) early pretending is an essentially social and culturally acquired form of action, and (ii) early social pretend play can be considered as the first form of true collective intentionality in ontogeny – involving shared cooperative activities and even some rudimentary ...

This paper presents people accounting—a hypothesis that describes how a simple numerical imbalance in representation along nominal social category lines can aVect people’s choice of candidates in highly competitive situations (e.g., awards, jobs, etc.). For example, two scholarship Wnalists from California and New York may be equally qualiWed, but the award-winning chance for the California can...