The use of smokeless tobacco, especially paan and gutka, is prevalent in Southeast Asian countries (1). No exact rate for the use of these products in Iran is available. According to the study by Honarmand et al. 11.4% of male students from universities of Zahedan City in Southeast of Iran were current users of smokeless tobacco (2). These products contain lime, areca-nut and tobacco (3). Evide...

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between salivary cotinine level and psychological dependence measured through Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) questionnaire among tobacco users. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on tobacco users. Participants with the present habit of tobacco chewing and smoking above the age of 16 ye...

Chronic inflammation associated with cigarette smoke fosters malignant transformation and tumor cell proliferation and promotes certain nonneoplastic pulmonary diseases. The question arises as to whether chronic inflammation and/or colonization of the airway can be attributed, at least in part, to tobacco-associated microbes (bacteria, fungi, and spores) and/or microbial toxins (endotoxins and ...

BACKGROUND How smokeless tobacco contributes to non-neoplastic oral diseases is unclear. It certainly increases risk of oral mucosal lesions, but reviewers disagree as to other conditions. In some areas, especially South-East Asia, risk is difficult to quantify due to the many products, compositions (including non-tobacco ingredients), and usage practices involved. This review considers studies...

BACKGROUND Tobacco use leads to many health complications and is a risk factor for the occurrence of cardio vascular diseases, lung and oral cancers, chronic bronchitis etc. Almost 6 million people die from tobacco-related causes every year. This study was conducted to measure the prevalence of tobacco use in three different areas around Chennai city, south India. METHODS A survey of 7510 ind...

BACKGROUND Curiosity about cigarettes is a reliable predictor of susceptibility to smoking and established use among youth. Related research has been limited to cigarettes, and lacks national-level estimates. Factors associated with curiosity about tobacco products, such as advertising, have been postulated but rarely tested. PURPOSE To describe the prevalence of curiosity about cigarettes, s...

BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are now the most commonly used tobacco product among US youth. The extent to which perceptions of e-cigarettes' harm and addictiveness differ from those of other products remains unknown, as does whether these perceptions have changed over time. METHODS Data from the 2012 and 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a repeated cross-sectional survey ...

Abstract Background Although oral cancer accounts for 2.1% of all cases globally, it is surfacing as a major public threat in India. Oral figures among three most common types the Indian subcontinent, with an incidence rate 30%. The increased availability and use smokeless tobacco betel quid recent years have further aggravated situation. scarcity reports on contribution such risk factors remai...