The present study investigated the effects of two herbal components (BACCOFF and DIPSTOP) of a commercially available smokeless tobacco treatment program for reducing subjective withdrawal symptoms during deprivation. One component, BACCOFF, is a non-nicotinic chew. The second component, DIPSTOP, is a liquid containing the alkaloid lobeline, which to some extent mimics peripheral nicotinic effe...

Introduction The existence of a social gradient in tobacco use has been clearly established in a number of countries with people with lower socioeconomic status being more likely to use tobacco. It is not clear how far this gradient is evident within severely deprived communities. This study assessed the association between occupation as a marker of socioeconomic status and use of smoked and sm...

OBJECTIVE To compare the tobacco use profile of recruits with that of military personnel on active duty to determine whether the military environment in some way induces service members to initiate tobacco use. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional survey of United States armed forces active duty and recruit personnel in 1994-95. SUBJECTS 2711 military recruits and 4603 military personnel on a...

Although smoking shows a strong negative association with religiousness, no studies have appeared of use of smokeless tobacco (ST) and religiousness. To assess an association of use of ST and religiousness, data from 9,374 men aged 17 years and over with complete data on self-reported frequency of attendance at religious services and use of smokeless tobacco were analyzed. Among men aged 17-29 ...

Schools are an important arena for smoking prevention. In many countries, smoking rates have been reduced among adolescents, but the use of smokeless tobacco is on the rise in some of these countries. We aimed to study the associations between schools' restrictions on smoking and snus and on the use of these tobacco products among students in upper secondary school. We employed data from a nati...

Smoking and obesity are two leading causes of chronic disease in the developed world. Given that the combined impact of these factors on health can be especially deleterious, it is somewhat ironic that smoking is known to have beneficial effects on body weight; smoking is one of the easiest and most reliable approaches to weight loss, at least for lowlevel smokers (#10 cigarettes/day) (1). This...

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects millions of people worldwide, with associated morbidity and premature mortality exacerbated by all forms smoking. The effects smokeless tobacco, such as snuff chewing have not been well researched. use these products is on the increase an important public health issue.

South Asia is a major producer and net exporter of tobacco. Over one-third of tobacco consumed regionally is smokeless. Traditional forms like betel quid, tobacco with lime and tobacco tooth powder are commonly used and the use of new products is increasing, not only among men but also among children, teenagers, women of reproductive age, medical and dental students and in the South Asian diasp...

Background: Tobacco use is a harmful habit that causes adverse effects on oral health and plays a most important role in cancer development. Saliva is the first fluid that is exposed to tobacco and its antioxidant system plays an important role in anti-cancer potential; therefore, this study was designed to compare the antioxidant activity and immunologic system of saliva in tobacco users (smok...

The use of tobacco products during adolescence increases the risk for adverse health effects and lifelong nicotine addiction. In 2014, an estimated 4.6 million middle and high school students were current users of any tobacco product, of whom an estimated 2.2 million were current users of two or more types of tobacco products. Symptoms of nicotine dependence are increased for multiple tobacco p...