transmembrane domain receptors encoded by a family Sensory stimuli are detected by specialized receptors of more than a thousand genes (Buck and Axel, 1991). in sensory organs, and the signals hence generated flow Convergent lines of evidence strongly suggest that indithrough multiple and interconnectedcenters of the brain vidual olfactory sensory neurons express only 1 or few where they are an...

The human sense of smell has long been belittled as a vestige of the more powerful olfactory capabilities observed in other mammals. Yet, now that the genes for our 350 olfactory receptors are known and researchers are beginning to link them both to olfactory stimuli and to downstream neurological processes, olfaction emerges at an important crossroads allowing scientists to investigate connect...

In this study, alcohol smell and imagination of alcohol has been shown to change the condition of a human organism.In this study, alcohol smell has been shown to change the condition of a human organism. Based on the test results, the presence of alcohol was observed upon breathing out, but was rarely observed in spits and much rarer in urines. This effect is most evident shortly after an olfac...

OBJECTIVE To study chronic effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on cranial nerve I (nervi olfactorii), which have been only minimally described. METHODS Chemosensations (smell and taste) were evaluated in eight men who complained of continuing dysfunction 2-3 years after the start of occupational exposure to H2S. Various bilateral (both nostrils) and unilateral (one nostril at a time) odour thr...

Despite the wide usage of multimedia in several applications, research in the field of olfaction is immature in helping humans work and communicate through multi-sensory interfaces, including smell. There is no consistent method of testing user capability of smell. Therefore, smell detection and generation systems are not well integrated into today’s multimedia systems. In this paper, the autho...

Understanding how the human brain translates sensory impressions into conscious percepts is a key challenge of neuroscience research. Work in this area has overwhelmingly centered on the conscious experience of vision at the exclusion of the other senses--in particular, smell. We hypothesized that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a central substrate for olfactory conscious experience because o...

Loss of the sense of smell is among the first signs of natural aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Cellular and molecular mechanisms promoting this smell loss are not understood. Here, we show that Drosophila melanogaster also loses olfaction before vision with age. Within the olfactory circuit, cholinergic projection neurons show a reduced odor response ac...

Until recently, little was known about the onset of olfactory function in humans or about the nature of alterations In smell function across the lifespan. Unequivocal answers to such basic questions as to whether neonates can detect odorants (Independent of trigeminal stimulation) or to what degree smell ability declines In old age were not available. During the last decade a number of behavior...

Code smells are more likely to stay inter-connected in software rather than remaining as a single instance. These code smell clusters create maintainability issues in evolving software. This paper aims to understand the evolution of the code smells in software, by analyzing the behavior of these clusters such as size, number and connectivity. For this, the clusters are first identified and then...

Viruses are a living being that is not formed by cellular structure. can be transmitted direct contact with infected individuals or indirectly from contaminated surfaces. Defined as new variety of coronaviruses, COVID 19 made the World Health Organization (WHO) declare in early 2020 crisis global public health. Considering high transmissibility this virus, it was necessary to adopt measures pre...