Smallholder development in Swaziland first occurred in the 1960s with the establishment of Vuvulane Irrigated Farms. Some smaller projects followed about twenty years later, and major expansion plans were put forward in the early 1990s. This larger development is mainly on Swazi Nation Land (SNL) in both the North and South of the country. This paper reviews the successes and failures in the ea...

THE CASE FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION IN SMALLHOLDER MARKETING Issues concerning farmers with small land holdings figure prominently in global discussions about poverty reduction, as the majority of the world’s poor belong to such households. Most of these households are linked to the market in one way or another. Thus, the opportunity for smallholders to raise their incomes from agricultural producti...

World agriculture will undergo far-reaching economic and physical change in the coming 50 years. Population increase, urbanization and income growth will drive the demand for food while high energy prices, stress on natural resources, and climate change may act to constrain supply. To feed the world’s growing population – projected to exceed 9 billion in 2050 (UN, 2009) – it will be necessary t...

Bangladesh is a densely populated agricultural country with an acute shortage of dairy milk. There are about 24.5 million cattle in Bangladesh, of which about 10 million are breeding cows. They provide mainly milk, meat, draught power, transport, and hide (an important export item). Dairying is practiced in Bangladesh as a part of local crop livestock farming systems, typically involving one or...

No previous studies about the management of medical waste have been published in Yemen. This research in 5 government and 12 private hospitals in Sana'a aimed to evaluate waste-workers' and hospital administrators' knowledge and practices regarding medical waste handling. Interviews and observations showedadministrators' knowledge and practices regarding medical waste handling. Interviews and o...

This paper develops a soil conservation model that is relevant to smallholder farmers who applylittle or no fertilizer. Empirical results drawn from northern Tanzania imply that, ignoringfertility mining problem in model specification leads to overestimation of profits for farms thatapply little or no fertilizer. The model also shows that, the impact of output price on soilc...

There are a number of situations in which it would be useful to be able to make at least first order approximations of the predicted economic, environmental, and societal impacts of policy or technology options in areas outside those where explicit experimental data exists. In section 2, we forecasted the utility of several levels of intensity of smallholder dairy operations at varying levels o...

The Polk County Solid Waste Department, located in Polk County Minnesota, participates in a complete integrated solid waste management program that includes four other counties in northwest Minnesota. One component of the integrated solid waste management program includes the operation of a municipal waste combustor (MWC) that com busts approximately 65 tons per day of processed solid waste. Th...

Discard studies have demonstrated that waste is more than just a symptom of an all-too-human demand for meaning, or a merely technical problem for the likes of sanitary engineers and public health officials. The afterlife of waste materials and processes of waste management reveal the centrality of transient and discarded things for questions of materiality and ontology, marginal and polluting ...