Automata learning has been successfully applied in the verification of hardware and software. The size of the automaton model learned is a bottleneck for scalability and hence optimizations that enable learning of compact representations are important. In this paper we develop a class of optimizations and an accompanying correctness proof for learning algorithms, building upon a general framewo...

We gave intravenous amrinone to 40 patients in heart failure, and oral amrinone to 18 patients. Acute intravenous administration caused a significant reduction in mean blood pressure and this was severe enough to require correction by plasma infusion in five patients. Oral amrinone was accompanied by thrombocytopenia in 10 patients but no complications were associated with the low platelet coun...

Vancomycin has been used with increased frequency during the past 15 years and the most common toxicity with this drug is the red man syndrome . Other adverse effects include neutropenia, fever, phlebitis, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombocytopenia, interstitial nephritis, lacrimation, linear IgA bullous dermatosis, necrotizing cutaneous vasculitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Only two c...

Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are powerful broadspectrum antibiotics whose side effects include renal damage and, strangely, tendinopathies. The pathological mechanisms underlying these toxicities are poorly understood. Here we show that the FQ drugs Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Enrofloxacin are powerful iron chelators comparable to Deferoxamine, a clinically-useful iron chelating agent. We show tha...

Ibuprofen (2-4'-isobutylphenylpropionic acid) is an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent which is now frequently used in the treatment of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. The drug is remarkably free of side-effects and no serious toxicity has been demonstrated in extensive clinical trials, apart from one case of gastrointestinal bleeding (Dick-Smith, I969). Minor toxic effects whic...

Hypokalemia is a metabolic/endocrine disorder that is characterized by a plasma potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L. A serum potassium level that is less than 2.5 mEq/L leads to life threatening scenarios of arrhythmias and muscle paralysis. A normal level of potassium is necessary to maintain a charge difference between intracellular and extracellular environments which is the integral mech...

Side effects of MTX high dose (MTX-HD) may be life threatening, however those of various doses of oral MTX are variable because of the interindividual variability of gastrointestinal absorption of this drug. Bone marrow, gastrointestinal mucosa and hair are particularly vulnerable to the effects of MTX, secondary to their high rate of cellular turnover [2] and because MTX concentration is inver...

Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug that goes by many names, such as meth, crystal, chalk, ice, shabu, tik, yaba, pure, base, crank, tweak, and go-fast. It?s not a new one either. Japanese chemist Nagai Nagayoshi first isolated methamphetamine from ephedrine in 1893. It has been used in wartime to amp up soldiers, and made a brief foray as a diet pill in the 1950s. Eventually, it was taken off ...

In comparison with the many millions of injections of penicillin given annually all over the world, the incidence of reported reactions to the drug is small. Untoward effects vary from simple discomfort at the site of injection to sudden death (Kern and Wimberley, 1953; Welch, Lewis, Kerlan, and Putnam, 1953). The amount and duration of pain at the injection site may vary with the technical ski...