Specific behaviors comprising the serotonin syndrome (low body posture, forepaw treading, headweaving) and the autonomic signs of piloerection and salivation were determined and analyzed with locomotor activity in response to MDMA at three doses (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg). All behaviors were dose-responsive. Serotonin syndrome behaviors increased in both intensity and duration of response with i...

There is no doubt that the conditioned food saiivary reflexes are influenced by the intensity of hunger. However, there is no agreement as to whether this influence is direct or mediated by motor behavior. The data are also conflicting concerning the effect of hunger or satiation upon the unconditioned salivary response. Thus, Finch (1938) found that hunger affects the conditioned and unconditi...

Ca2+-binding proteins in the watery saliva of Megoura viciae counteract Ca2+-dependent occlusion of sieve plates in Vicia faba and so prevent the shut-down of food supply in response to stylet penetration. The question arises whether this interaction between aphid saliva and sieve-element proteins is a universal phenomenon as inferred by the coincidence between sieve-tube occlusion and salivati...

Lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus produced an increase of food intake and body weight, marked augmentation of intertrial salivation, and transient disinhibition of salivation to the differentiated conditioned stimulus. It is concluded that damage of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus produces an increase of alimentary drive.

We report the first description studies, partial characterization, and intraspecific difference of Centruroides edwardsii, Gervais 1843, venom. C. edwardsii from two Colombian regions (Antioquia and Tolima) were evaluated. Both venoms showed hemolytic activity, possibly dependent of enzymatic active phospholipases, and neither coagulant nor proteolytic activities were observed. Venom electropho...

OBJECTIVES Although generally effective for sedation during noninvasive procedures, dexmedetomidine as the sole agent has not been uniformly successful for invasive procedures. To overcome some of the pitfalls with dexmedetomidine as the sole agent, there are an increasing number of reports regarding its combination with ketamine. This article provides a descriptive account of the reports from ...

A scientific literature review and consensus of expert opinion used the welfare definitions provided by the Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) Five Freedoms as the framework for selecting a set of animal-based indicators that were sensitive to the current on-farm welfare issues of young lambs (aged ≤ 6 weeks). Ten animal-based indicators assessed by observation - demeanour, response to stimulat...

Craving for alcohol is common among alcohol-dependent people. Accordingly, measures to assess craving can play important roles in alcohol research as well as in alcoholism treatment. When developing or employing craving-assessment instruments, researchers and clinicians must consider numerous factors, such as the specific characteristics of craving to be evaluated, the instrument's psychometric...

when Couper of Glasgow observed the first cases among five manganese ore crushers. He described a series of nervous phenomena: muscular weakness, paraplegia, tremor of the extremities, a tendency to lean forward while walking, whispering speech, and salivation. Since then a number of writers have made further observations and recognized manganese as a poison affecting the central nervous system...

ABSTRACT Peaches and nectarines are frequently attacked by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), with significant negative impacts on fruit production. The genetic variability of resistance to this aphid among commercial cultivars of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch and Prunus persica variety nectarina was evaluated in this study. In total, 16 cultivars of P. persica were selected to evaluat...