BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tolerance and defence against herbivory are among the many mechanisms attributed to the success of invasive plants in their novel ranges. Because tolerance and defence against herbivory differ with the ontogeny of a plant, the effects of herbivore damage on plant fitness vary with ontogenetic stage and are compounded throughout a plant's lifetime. Environmental stresses such...

BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Shoot demography affects the growth of the tree crown and the number of leaves on a tree. Masting may cause inter-annual and spatial variation in shoot demography of mature trees, which may in turn affect the resource budget of the tree. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of masting on the temporal and spatial variations in shoot demography of mature Betula gr...

This study aimed to propagate lipote cuttings through clonal propagation using different growth hormones. The clones were raised in a non-misted closed chamber and transplanted into polyethylene bags for observation of their early growth. performance the was analyzed terms height, diameter, leaf number, chlorophyll content, area, shoot biomass, root total biomass. After three months, terminated...

Drought is one of the most critical environmental stresses that reduce agricultural production. This study aimed to examine effects individual and simultaneous inoculation Rhizophagus intraradices, Serendipita indica, Pseudomonas fluorescens on physical properties soil growth parameters single cross 704 maize under three levels drought stress (80%, 50%, 25% available water). It was found intrar...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS In angiosperms, the shoot apical meristem produces a shoot system composed of stems, leaves and axillary buds. Podostemoideae, one of three subfamilies of the river-weed family Podostemaceae, have a unique 'shoot' that lacks a shoot apical meristem and is composed only of leaves. Tristichoideae have been interpreted to have a shoot apical meristem, although its branching pat...

Multiple errors can occur in a use-of-force scenario, although some critical involve unintended casualties where the target should never have been fired upon. Training instructors utilize variety of methods to ensure military and law enforcement personnel do not inflict casualties. However, there is little empirical evidence about best design shooting simulation that might evoke these errors, w...

Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are the most abundant group II elements in both plants and animals. Genetic variation in shoot Ca and shoot Mg concentration (shoot Ca and Mg) in plants can be exploited to biofortify food crops and thereby increase dietary Ca and Mg intake for humans and livestock. We present a comprehensive analysis of within-species genetic variation for shoot Ca and Mg, demon...

Seedling quality is an important input affecting the outplanted seedling performance. Morphological attributes and association with symbiotic ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi belong to influential traits determining quality. In this study, effect of pre-sowing applied commercial additives Ectovit (containing hydrogel ECM fungi), Mycorrhizaroots (ECM nutrients) Vetozen (natural mineral fertilizer) on...

The single and joint effects of chromium (Cr) and benzo (a) pyrene (B (a) P) on the seed germination and the elongation of root and shoot of Lolium perenne were investigated. Seed germination represents the first important step to effective phytoremediation. Young seedlings may be susceptible to PAH and heavy metal contaminants. The results showed that in solution, increasing concentration of C...