recent developments and newly-discovered methods for infertility treatment including in vitro fertilization and third party reproduction raise many questions and challenges with different ethical, legal, sociological and psychological dimensions. in islamic countries, despite great developments in using this technology, the questions concerned with recognition of ivf methods and third party rep...

A travelogue is an important medium that provides a portrayal of society because it records the reality travellers experience when exploring location. The purpose this study to conduct preliminary review pertaining pandemic in Mecca was recorded Persian entitled Safarnamah-ʼi Mirza Husayn Farahani: Qasqazih, ʻUthmani, Makkah, 1302–1303 Hijri Qamari or English translated as Shiite Pilgrimage...

This contribution is a commented portfolio of images gathered during fieldwork in Baghdad (February 2020). It aims to provide an overview the murals which have been concentrated on Tahrir Square since revolution October 2019. These share some iconographic topics common with thawra (revolution) Syria, Tunisia, Egypt and Beirut. Nevertheless, semantic registers are specific Iraq, divided into two...

After the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in heart United States (US), US policymakers implemented a new doctrine known as Bush Doctrine and declared war on any country international system which has connection with terrorism or shelters terrorists. In line this, Iraq became one “the target countries” axis doctrine. They took further step invaded their allies 2003 by claiming that they would liberate...

The present study aims to analyze the socio-spatial roles of Hosseiniyeh, a neighborhood square in traditional Iranian cities. hypothesis research is that Hosseiniyeh acted as an in-between space within hierarchical urban structure. notion in-betweenness reveals architectural qualities support reciprocal states separation and connection between conflicting realms. In-between spaces are key elem...

throughout history, muslims have approached quranic exegesis in various ways among which being a persuasive, intellectual way on the basis of proofs from the quran, hadiths, and intellect. although they benefitted from hadiths up tothe third/fourth hijri centuries in their commentaries, they did not ignore intellectual method – as will be proved in the present essay. overshadowing other methods...