This paper presents a theory of non-linear integer/real arithmetic and algorithms for reasoning about this theory. The can be conceived as an extension linear with weakly-axiomatized multiplication symbol, which retains many the desirable algorithmic properties arithmetic. In particular, we show that conjunctive fragment effectively manipulated (analogously to usual operations on convex polyhed...

When are you in a position to rely on p practical reasoning? Existing accounts say that must know p, or be justified believing justifiably believe it, and so on. This paper argues all of these proposals face important problems, which I call the Problems Negative Bootstrapping Level Confusions. offer diagnosis argue an adequate epistemic norm transparent following sense: According any norm, cons...

This review paper of fuzzy classifiers with improved interpretability and accuracy parameter discussed the most fundamental aspect very effective powerful tools in form probabilistic reasoning, The logic concept allows realization ap-proximate, vague, uncertain, dynamic, more realistic conditions, which is closer to actual physical world human thinking. theory has competency catch lack precisen...

Po lynomia l t i m e complex i ty is the usual ' t h resho ld ' for d is t ingu ish ing the t rac tab le f r o m the in t rac tab le and i t may seem reasonable to adopt th is no t i on o f t rac tab i l i t y in the context o f knowledge representat ion and reasoning. I t is argued tha t do ing so may be inappropr ia te in the context of c o m m o n sense reasoning underl y i ng language under...

Most contemporary clinical reasoning tests typically assess non-automatic thinking. Therefore, a test is needed to measure automatic reasoning or pattern recognition, which has been largely neglected in clinical reasoning tests. The Puzzle Test (PT) is dedicated to assess automatic clinical reasoning in routine situations. This test has been introduced first in 2009 by Monajemi et al in the Oly...

This paper attempts to examine the underlying structure of analogical reasoning in decision making. The immediate (but not exclusive) context is the form of reasoning commonly seen as prevalent in common-law judicial decision making. Following Wittgenstein and Strawson the paper identifies the problem of the contingency of transitivity of analogical relations as a serious impediment to analogic...

This paper attempts to examine the underlying structure of analogical reasoning in decision making. The immediate (but not exclusive) context is the form of reasoning commonly seen as prevalent in common-law judicial decision making. Following Wittgenstein and Strawson the paper identifies the problem of the contingency of transitivity of analogical relations as a serious impediment to analogic...

Paulo Gomes, Francisco C. Pereira, Paulo Paiva, Nuno Seco, Paulo Carreiro, José L. Ferreira and Carlos Bento Abstract. Software design is one of the most important phases in system development, due to crucial decisions that are made during this phase. The need for software being developed in less time puts a lot of pressure in the design phase. One way to solve this problem is to reuse previous...

This paper describes a sense tagging technique for the automatic sense tagging of running Chinese text. The system takes as input running Chinese text, and outputs sense disambiguated text. Whereas previous work (Yarowsky, 1992; Gale, et al. , 1992, 1993) relies heavily on the role of statistics, the present system makes use of Machine Readable/Tractable Dictionaries (Wilks, et al. , 1990; Guo,...