Although many studies have assessed the impact of extension, most treat presence or absence extension as a binary variable to test treatment effects, and fewer investigate how type provider (e.g., govt./private) frequency contact (number visits) farm household welfare. To address this knowledge gap, article investigates agricultural access, frequency, on chemical fertilizer application, crop yi...

Retailers increasingly adopt temporary loyalty programs (TLPs), in which consumers have limited time, often less than half a year, to save stamps and redeem highly discounted rewards. These run alongside the retailers’ permanent an attempt increase customer engagement. Despite growing popularity of TLPs, literature on topic remains limited. We address this gap by looking at redemption rate, ind...

Some empirical residential location choice models have reported dwelling-unit price estimated parameters that are small, not statistically significant, or even positive. This would imply that households are non-sensitive to changes in dwelling unit prices or location taxes, which is not only against intuition, but also makes the models useless for policy analysis. One explanation for this resul...

Stefani Kostagianni, Department of Economics and Finance and Centre for Economic Development and Institutions (CEDI), Brunel University, London, United Kingdom, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. We investigate the effect of IMF assistance on economic growth in a broad panel of countries. We argue that countries are likely self-select into seeking IMF involvement based on their ...

A recursive system of ordered self assessed health together with BRFSS data were used to investigate health and obesity in the Appalachian state of West Virginia. Implications of unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of lifestyle outcomes on health were investigated. Obesity was found to be an endogenous lifestyle outcome associated with impaired health status. Risk of obesity is found to in...

Prior to a new product launch, marketers need to infer how demand will respond to various levels of marketing mix variables in order to set an appropriate marketing plan. A critical challenge in estimating marketing mix responsiveness from historical data is that the observed decisions were affected by private information possessed by managers about the heterogeneous effects of marketing mix va...

Endogenity or non-orthogonality in discrete choice models occurs when the systematic part of the utility is correlated with the error term. Under this misspecification, the model's estimators are inconsistent. This problem is virtually unavoidable, for example, in discrete choice models of residential choice where endogeneity occurs at the level of each observation mainly because of the omissio...

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of California anti-smoking media campaign in changing smoking behavior of adults and adolescents, in the short run as well as in the long run, through individual self-reported exposure to the media message. We construct pseudo panel data using repeated cross sections, and employ instrumental variables method to address the endogeneity problem. Overall, the...

One of the most important artificial immune algorithms is negative selection algorithm, which is an anomaly detection and pattern recognition technique; however, recent research has shown the successful application of this algorithm in data classification. Most of the negative selection methods consider deterministic boundaries to distinguish between self and non-self-spaces. In this paper, two...

collapse of the christian church in the west is the beginning of enlightenment era in which western theorists constituted a new base in theoretical and practical thoughts with dominance of positivist thoughts and with disregard to metaphysical principles. meanwhile, when these new schools of thought became unable to lay a solid foundation to give meaning to the world and human life and when the...