OBJECTIVE To assess beliefs about the tar and nicotine delivery characteristics and health benefits of Light and Ultra Light cigarettes among cigarette smokers. DESIGN Random digit dialed telephone survey conducted in September 1999. SUBJECTS Daily smokers (n = 2120) of Regular (46%), Light (39%), and Ultra Light (15%) cigarettes in the USA. The sample was weighted to match the US smoker po...

Millions of ultra-poor households in sub-Saharan Africa rely exclusively on savings groups to meet their financial needs. However, the ability of savings groups to fully meet these needs remains unclear. We randomly assign ultra-poor Ugandan households to savings groups containing different proportions of ultra-poor members. We find evidence that groups may be unable to satisfy the borrowing ne...

It was assumed that women would be able to outperform men in ultra-marathon running. The present study investigated the sex difference in performance for all ultra-triathlon distances from the Ironman distance (i.e. 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling and 42 km running) in the 'Ironman Hawaii' to the Double Deca Iron ultra-triathlon distance (i.e. 76 km swimming, 3,600 km cycling and 840 km running...

This paper describes the program transformation system Ultra. The intended use of Ultra is to assist programmers in the formal derivation of correct and efficient programs from high-level descriptive or operational specifications. Ultra supports equational reasoning about functional programs using defining equations, algebraic laws of underlying data structures, and transformation rules. The sy...

A novel method for optical generation of ultra-wideband signals with a reconfigurable spectral notch-band is proposed. In the proposed system, ultra-wideband signals are generated in the optical domain and an optical tunable delay line is deployed to introduce a notch-band to the spectral profile of the generated ultra-wideband signals, which can effectively avoid the signal interference betwee...

& Pieve (1974). They arbitrarily defined rapid cycling as four or more mood episodes per year. Rapid cycling in relation to bipolar affective disorder has been defined by the DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)(Box 1). Some patients show cycling frequencies in the order of weeks to days, a phenomenon known as ultra-rapid cycling. Cycling of discrete mood phases of less than...

It was assumed that women would be able to outperform men in ultra-marathon running. The present study investigated the sex difference in performance for all ultra-triathlon distances from the Ironman distance (i.e. 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling and 42 km running) in the ’Ironman Hawaii’ to the Double Deca Iron ultra-triathlon distance (i.e. 76 km swimming, 3,600 km cycling and 840 km running...

Contrast agents are diagnostic tools that often complement magnetic resonance imaging. At ultra-high field strengths (≥7 T), magnetic resonance imaging is capable of generating desirable high signal-to-noise ratios, but clinically available contrast agents are less effective at ultra-high field strengths relative to lower fields. This gap in effectiveness demands the development of contrast age...

The austenitic stainless steel (SS) has been used as a material for  building  ultra  high  vacuum  (UHV)  chamber.  Recently significant  efforts  have  been  concerned  a  comparing  the standard  cleaned  for  ultra  high  vacuum,  passivity  stainless. In  this work Austenitic  nanocomposites were  synthesize by sol-  gel method. The morphologies  and  topographies  of  the samples  h...

PURPOSE To present an overview on ultra-wide-field imaging in diabetic retinopathy. METHODS A comprehensive search of the pubmed database was performed using the search terms of "ultra-wide-field imaging", "ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography" and "diabetic retinopathy". The relevant original articles were reviewed. RESULTS New advances in ultra-wide-field imaging allow for precise mea...