A 48 year old man with a diagnosis of HIV infection since 1993, on highly active anti-retro viral therapy (HAART) with stable CD4 count and undetectable viral load for years and seizure disorder presented with recurrent drowsiness. His seizures were well controlled on phenobarbitone for years. Repeated laboratory evaluation demonstrated toxic levels of phenobarbitone in his blood. A thorough cl...

Critical care patients undergoing surgery require drug administration to regulate physiological variables such as blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, and degree of consciousness. The rate of infusion of each administered drug is critical, requiring constant monitoring and frequent adjustments. Patients in the intensive care unit who require mechanical ventilation due to acute respirator...

The relation between plasma concentrations and properties of lorazepam administered orally as premedication was studied in patients undergoing minor surgery. The drug was found to be reliably absorbed in most subjects producing plasma concentrations similar to those reported after injection. Effective concentrations were obtained within 30-60 min, maintained for 4-6 h and were closely related t...

Withania somnifera (L) Dunal is a well known Indian medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of many clinical conditions in India. It is an important drug commonly known as Asgand which has been used either single or in combination with other drugs in Unani as well as Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries. It has been described by Dioscorides (78 AD) in his book “Kitab-ul-Hashaish”. As...

Allopregnanolone is an endogenous neurosteroid that acts in a rapid non-genomic manner to enhance the function of GABAA receptor (GABAAR), major inhibitory mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, allopregnanolone elicits anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, analgesic and sedative effects. Endogenous influences neural inhibition behaviour, with perturbed levels implicated de...

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bispectral index and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score in patients admitted emergency department with a first-time acute ischemic stroke. Methods: prospective, observational was conducted our clinic stroke symptoms. Patients known cranial pathologies, such as space- occupying lesions, those history clinically signif...

Introduction Patients under mechanical ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) require sedation in order to facilitate ventilator and endotracheal tube tolerance. The sedative agent that must be used should not interfere with early extubation of patients. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine, a common sedative agent used in the ICU, while dexmetomidine is an alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist, t...

Medicinal sedatives are a class of drugs that reduce brain activity. You can usually utilise them to relax yourself. Sedatives prescribed by doctors address conditions like anxiety and sleep problems. Additionally, they used as general anaesthetics. Regulated chemicals include sedatives.Sedatives, which benzodiazepines, selective benzodiazepine receptor subtype agonists (z-drugs), barbiturates,...