To increase profitability, farmers often decide to form strategic partnerships with other farmers, pooling their resources and outputs for greater efficiency and scale. These coordination decisions can have far-reaching and complex implications for overall food supply chain structural emergence, which in turn impacts system outcomes and long-term sustainability. In this paper, we describe an ag...

Indonesia is the third largest cocoa-producing country in the world. Knowledge of genetic diversity and parentage of farmer selections is important for effective selection and rational deployment of superior cacao clones in farmers' fields. We assessed genetic diversity and parentage of 53 farmer selections of cacao in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using 152 international clones as references. Cluster a...

The security requirements of distance-vector routing protocols are analyzed, their vulnerabilities identi ed, and countermeasures to these vulnerabilities are proposed. The innovation presented involves the use of mechanisms from the pathnding class of distancevector protocols as a solution to the security problems of distance-vector protocols. The result is the rst proposal to e ectively and e...

“preventing an evil takes priority over securing an interest” and preferring the prohibition side is among discussions raised by usuli scholars and has been accepted as particular affirmative proposition; the said priority is known among islamic jurisprudents as “ preventing an evil takes priority over securing a benefit” in whose … is the contrast of evil and benefit. four interpretations of t...