In recent times, a number of studies have provided evidence that biotoxins present great potential as antitumor agents, such as snake venom, bee venom, some bacteria toxins and plant toxins, and thus could be used as chemotherapeutic agents against tumors. The biodiversity of venoms and toxins make them a unique source from which novel anticancer agent may be developed. Biotoxins, also known as...

Selenocysteine (Sec), the 21(st) amino acid in translation, uses its specific tRNA (tRNA(Sec)) to recognize the UGA codon. The Sec-specific elongation factor SelB brings the selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) (Sec-tRNA(Sec)) to the ribosome, dependent on both an in-frame UGA and a Sec-insertion sequence (SECIS) in the mRNA. The bacterial SelB binds mRNA through its C-terminal region, for which crystal s...

IgG4 responses are considered indicative for long-term or repeated exposure to particular antigens. Therefore, studying IgG4-specific antibody responses against Staphylococcus aureus might generate new insights into the respective host-pathogen interactions and the microbial virulence factors involved. Using a bead-based flow cytometry assay, we determined total IgG (IgGt), IgG1, and IgG4 antib...

Selenocysteine (Sec) biosynthesis in archaea and eukaryotes requires three steps: serylation of tRNA(Sec) by seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS), phosphorylation of Ser-tRNA(Sec) by O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) kinase (PSTK), and conversion of O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) (Sep-tRNA(Sec)) by Sep-tRNA:Sec-tRNA synthase (SepSecS) to Sec-tRNA(Sec). Although SerRS recognizes both tRNA(Sec) and tRNA(Ser) species, ...

The chapter provides a detailed description of W-Sec, formal model-based countermeasures’ impact assessment method. It also introduces new definition the two SysML profiles used in SysML-Sec and enabling (i) for future automation several W-Sec stages (ii) consistency rules ensuring models written these distinct modeling languages. In addition, evaluates with industry 4.0 case-study discusses st...

Review timeline: Submission date: 10 June 2011 Editorial Decision: 13 July 2011 Additional correspondence (author): 18 July 2011 Additional correspondence (editor): 05 August 2011 Additional correspondence (author): 08 August 2011 Additional correspondence (editor): 11 August 2011 Revision received: 24 October 2011 Editorial Decision: 10 November 2011 Revision received: 10 November 2011 Editori...

Background Due to the complex natures of dietary food components, it is difficult elucidate how compounds affect host health. Dietary often selectively presents its mechanism action on different cell types, and participates in modulation targeted cells their microenvironments within organs. However, limitations traditional vitro assays or vivo animal experiments cannot com...

5 . (b) Applying the product rule, we have ((1 + 4x)e−4x)′ = (1 + 4x)′e−4x + (1 + 4x)(e−4x)′ = 4e−4x + (1 + 4x)e−4x(−4x)′ = 4e−4x + (1 + 4x)e−4x(−4) = 4e−4x − 4e−4x − 16xe−4x = −16xe−4x. (c) [(sec(x) + tan(x))3]′ = 3(sec(x) + tan(x))(sec(x) + tan(x))′ = 3(sec(x) + tan(x))(sec(x) tan(x) + sec(x)) = 3(sec(x) + tan(x)) · sec(x) · (sec(x) + sec(x)) = 3 sec(x)(sec(x) + tan(x)). (d)(x cos(x)− 6x sin(...

The micronutrient selenium is found in proteins as selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid cotranslationally inserted in response to a UGA codon. In vitro studies in archaea and mouse showed that Sec-tRNA(Sec) formation is a 3-step process starting with serylation of tRNA(Sec) by seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS), phosphorylation of serine to form phosphoserine (Sep)-tRNA(Sec) by phosphoseryl-tRN...

The aim of the present study was to determine whether 1 week of training cessation can affect exercise performance in well-trained soccer players. Upon the completion of a competitive season, 11 male soccer players went through 1-week training cessation. Performances in the 5-m (1.05±0.04 sec vs 1.02±0.03 sec, P=0.03) and 10-m (1.79±0.06 sec vs 1.74±0.06 sec, P=0.03) sprints were significantly ...