Urdu is a New Indo-Aryan language which uses case markers to express differing semantic functions. The case marker ko marks accusative and dative. It is also used to express a few other spatial and temporal functions. We have studied a variety of semantic usages of ko and propose an unifying explantion of all the diverse usages. We assume that it originated as a spatial postposition from a Sans...

A commonly made cross-linguistic generalization is that languages with extensive case-marking tend also to have greater freedom of word order than languages without. Explicit statements to this effect can be found in Sapir (1921, pp. 66, 177ff.), Jakobson (1936, p. 28) and more recently in Blake (2001, p. 15), but the idea goes back to the beginning of comparative studies of language. Thus on t...

Most of the Internet data for Indian languages exist in various encodings, causing difficulties in searching for the information through search engines. In the Indian scenario, majority web pages are not searchable or the intended information is not efficiently retrieved by the search engines due to the following: (1) Multiple text-encodings are used while authoring websites. (2) Inspite of Ind...

An interesting problem relating to cognition oriented task of humans is the name recognition problem. Humans are so apt in performing this task that they hardly realise the difficulties involved in it. Formally, name recognition means identifying the native origin of people from their names. A subproblem of this task is to classify whether a name belongs to one’s own country or not. The authors...

Grammatical framework (GF) is an open source software which supports semantic abstraction and linguistic generalization in terms of abstract syntax in a multilingual environment. This makes the software very suitable for automatic multilingual translation using abstract syntax which can be treated as a interlingua. As a first step towards building multi-Indian language translation system using ...

A critical edition takes into account various versions of the same text in order to show the differences between two distinct versions, in terms of words that have been missing, changed, omitted or displaced. Traditionally, Sanskrit is written without spaces between words, and the word order can be changed without altering the meaning of a sentence. This paper describes the characteristics whic...

Locally, Gomutra Silajit is known under the name “RAKTAMANDALAM”. Literally, it means ‘Blood Patch’ or ‘Blood coloured Matter’. In fact, the Ayurvedic texts refer to its colour as that of ‘Japakusuma’ – the China Rose, botanically known as Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn. (Telegu: Mandara). For this reason the local name referring to its colour as ‘Rakta’ (Blood) is apt. The above treatise also indi...

Abstract It is a well-known fact that Sanskrit had relatively shorter and less prolific lifespan in the epigraphy of Indonesia, particularly Javanese epigraphic record, than other Southeast Asian regions. All more precious, therefore, are rare opportunities to add inscription historical record Java learn how language was deployed on island represent events recorded for posterity. In this articl...

This book is about examination of functional relation between language structure, internal brain regulatory processes and external processes in nature. Book describes the relation of learning, language and cognitive fitness as adaptive biological interrelations of a process called life. Author describes human being's unique advantage of understanding thought process, language and the reality un...

Where do we get language from? Clearly, it requires our human brains: a chimp exposed to a lifetime’s worth of language will not surpass a child who has only had a few years of exposure. But it also clearly requires something from the environment: language-deprived children clearly don’t spring forth speaking Hebrew, or Greek, or Sanskrit. What is it about the human learner, and about the envir...