This paper attempts to model a real demand for money function of Pakistan. For this purpose we apply bounds test based cointegration technique using the time series data for the period 1973 to 2010. Our findings included three determinants: 1) real income and 2) foreign exchange contain positive relation as well as for both long run and short run dynamics they are the most significant factors o...

This paper attempts to model a real demand for money function of Pakistan. For this purpose we apply bounds test based cointegration technique using the time series data for the period 1973 to 2010. Our findings included three determinants: 1) real income and 2) foreign exchange contain positive relation as well as for both long run and short run dynamics they are the most significant factors o...

This paper introduces monopolistically competitive banks into the New Keynesian DSGE setting. I find that this contributes to explaining three empirical facts: (i) The short-run transmission of changes in monetary policy to bank retail rates is far from complete and heterogeneous. Stiffer competition among commercial banks implies that (ii) retail interest rates correlate more tightly with mark...

The paper describes a mechanism by which private leverage choices exhibit strategic complementarities through the reaction of monetary policy. The key ingredient is that monetary policy is non-targeted. The ex-post bene ts from a monetary bailout accrue in proportion to the aggregate amount of leverage, while the distortion costs are to a large extent xed. This insight has important consequence...

In this paper the dependence of wealth distribution and the velocity of money on the required reserve ratio is examined based on a random transfer model of money and computer simulations. A fractional reserve banking system is introduced to the model where money creation can be achieved by bank loans and the monetary aggregate is determined by the monetary base and the required reserve ratio. I...

During the past two decades, maintenance of low inflation, “price stability,” has become the principal focus of central banks around the world. At the same time, the view has emerged that monetary policy is better suited than fiscal policy for short-run stabilization purposes. This paper examines to what extent monetary policy can be directed at both “monetary stabilization,” stabilizing inflat...

We investigate an international monetary business-cycle model in which agents face monetary policy processes that incorporate regime shifts. In any given period agents cannot directly observe the policy regime, but instead form beliefs that are updated via Bayesian learning. As a result, expectation adjustment displays inertia that adds persistence to the e®ects of monetary shocks. Monetary pol...