Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are vital to immune function through the sensing of pathogenic agents and initiation of an appropriate immune response. More specifically, tissue and cell specific TLR expression patterns have been correlated with the ability to respond to various pathogenic challenges. Bovine sequence exists for 4 of the 10 human TLR Reference Sequences and no ovi...

This paper reviews the current status of livestock industry in Malaysia and measures taken to direct this towards sustainability. The statistics related number animals farms, self-sufficiency ratio, consumption products are presented. largest population goes non-ruminant where chicken dominates by 95.9%. However, percentage registered farms West is dominated ruminant farmers which 56.3% beef ca...