Tayeh and Sultaneh Abu-Tayeh for their financial support throughout my study, also for the technical advice and constant encouragement. Last, not least, my friend Eng. Maha El-Maheid, and my family for their encouragement and moral support. 6 ABSTRACT Defining Simulation in its broadest aspect as embodying a certain model to represent the behavior of a system, whether that may be an economic or...

PURPOSE Cognitive enhancements are associated with sport training. We extended the sport-cognition literature by using a realistic street crossing task to examine the multitasking and processing speed abilities of collegiate athletes and nonathletes. METHODS Pedestrians navigated trafficked roads by walking on a treadmill in a virtual world, a challenge that requires the quick and simultaneou...

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there were no laparoscopic general surgeons to speak of, and those who were to become the pioneers really did not know one another as a distinct group. Some were friends and colleagues like Drs Barry McKernan and William Saye, Eddie Joe Reddick and Douglas Olsen, Leonard Schultz, Robert Fitzgibbons, and George Berci—just a handful. For the most part though, we...