introduction: one of the most common complications of root canal treatment is postoperative pain. the aim of the present clinical trial was to compare the severity of postoperative pain after root canal preparation with race rotary system and hand k-flexofile. methods and materials: a total of 96 mandibular first and second molars were divided into two groups ( n =48) based on root canal prepar...

Infection of alfalfa with Rhizobium meliloti exo mutants deficient in exopolysaccharide results in abnormal root nodules that are devoid of bacteria and fail to fix nitrogen. Here we report further characterization of these abnormal nodules. Tightly curled root hairs or shepherd's crooks were found after inoculation with Rm 1021-derived exo mutants, but curling was delayed compared with wild-ty...

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plants, and it directly affects grain yield and protein content in cereal crops. Plant root systems are not only critical for anchorage in the soil, but also for N acquisition. Therefore, genes controlling root development might also affect N uptake by plants. In this study, the responses of nitrogen on root architecture of mutant rtcs and wild-type of ...

The plasma membrane-associated Ca(2+)-binding protein-2 of Arabidopsis thaliana is involved in the growth of root hair tips. Several transgenic lines that overexpress the 23 residue N-terminal domain of this protein under the control of the root hair-specific EXPANSIN A7 promoter lack root hairs completely. The role of root hairs under normal and stress conditions was examined in one of these r...

Because proteins are the major functional components of cells, knowledge of their cellular localization is crucial to gaining an understanding of the biology of multicellular organisms. We have generated a protein expression map of the Arabidopsis root providing the identity and cell type-specific localization of nearly 2,000 proteins. Grouping proteins into functional categories revealed uniqu...

INTRODUCTION There is a lack of research to support the belief that root canal treatment can be considered for stopping or decreasing external apical root resorption (EARR). There is conflicting evidence as to whether root-filled teeth are more or less likely to experience EARR after orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of EARR of root-filled teeth with tha...

CLE peptides, named for the CLV3/ESR-related peptide family, participate in intercellular-signaling pathways. Here we investigated members of the CLE-like (CLEL) gene family that encode peptide precursors recently designated as root growth factors [Matsuzaki Y et al. (2010) Science 329:1065-1067]. CLEL precursors share a similar domain structure with CLE precursors (i.e., they contain a putativ...

A recently published procedure to enrich for efficient competitive root tip colonizers (I. Kuiper, G. V. Bloemberg, and B. J. J. Lugtenberg, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 14:1197-1205) after bacterization of seeds was applied to isolate efficient competitive root tip colonizers for both the dicotyledenous plant tomato and the monocotyledenous plant grass from a random Tn5luxAB mutant bank of the...

We present a new cube root algorithm in finite field Fq with q a power of prime, which extends Cipolla-Lehmer type algorithms and has lower complexity than Tonelli-Shanks type algorithms. Efficient computation of r-th root in Fq has many applications in computational number theory and many other related areas. There are two standard algorithms for computing rth root in finite field. One is Adle...

Full precision in garbage collection implies retaining only those heap allocated objects that will actually be used in the future. Since full precision is not computable in general, garbage collectors use safe (i.e., conservative) approximations such as reachability from a set of root references. Ambiguous roots collectors (commonly called “conservative”) can be overly conservative because they...