Since 1806, we have known that plant organs use gravity as a guide for growth (Knight, 1806). The gravity-directed growth process, called gravitropism, dictates upward shoot growth to ensure a proper positioning of the leaves for efficient photosynthesis and gas exchange. It also directs roots to grow downward in soil, where they can reach out to take up the water and mineral ions required for ...

One of the remaining challenges when reconstructing a surface from a finite sample is recovering non-smooth surface features like sharp edges. There is practical evidence showing that a two step approach could be an aid to this problem, namely, first computing a polyhedral reconstruction isotopic to the sampled surface, and secondly minimizing the absolute Gaussian curvature of this reconstruct...

The intensity-curvature term is the concept at the root foundation of this paper. The concept entails the multiplication between the value of the image pixel intensity and the value of the classic-curvature (CC(x, y)). The CC(x, y) is the sum of all of the second order partial derivatives of the model polynomial function fitted to the image pixel. The intensity-curvature term (ICT) before inter...

Root canal curvatures are often the main reason for a poor root canal treatment. The clinical x-ray images often do not give a precise view of the degree of the root curvature from the axial axis. The aim of the present study was to measure the severe curvatures > 25o separately for upper and lower jaw in representative number of extracted human molars. The length of each root was measured from...

Purpose. Supernumerary roots in permanent mandibular molar teeth make endodontic treatment more complicated. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Radix Entomolaris (RE) in permanent mandibular first and second molars in the population of Kerman, in the southeast of Iran. Materials and Methods. From a collection of 500 mandibular first and second molar teeth extracted over 20...

Gravitropism is vital for shaping directional plant growth in response to the forces of gravity. Signals perceived in the gravity-sensing cells can be converted into biochemical signals and transmitted. Sedimentation of amyloplasts in the columella cells triggers asymmetric auxin redistribution in root tips, leading to downward root growth. The actin cytoskeleton is thought to play an important...

This article explores the impact of surface area, volume, curvature, and Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential on solvation free energy predictions. Rigidity surfaces are utilized to generate robust analytical expressions for maximum, minimum, mean, and Gaussian curvatures of solvent-solute interfaces, and define a generalized Poisson-Boltzmann (GPB) equation with a smooth dielectric profile. Extensive ...

Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease. Deep caries and dental trauma are the two main etiologic factors responsible for pulp involvement. Better knowledge of the morphology of the root canals of deciduous teeth can improve the outcome of pulp treatment. In this study, 90 deciduous molar teeth (27 first mandibular molars, 27 first maxillary molars, 22 second mandibular molar...

introduction: the purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare shaping ability of niti rotary mtwo and flexmaster with stainless steel hand k-flexofile in curved root canals of extracted teeth. materials and methods: mesiobuccal canals of 45 mandibular molar teeth were balanced into three groups of 15 each, with respect to the schneider angle, canal access angle, height, dis-tance and radius o...

We study the q–deformed fuzzy sphere, which is related to D-branes on SU(2) WZW models, for both real q and q a root of unity. We construct for both cases a differential calculus which is compatible with the star structure, study the integral, and find a canonical frame of one–forms. We then consider actions for scalar field theory, as well as for Yang–Mills and Chern–Simons–type gauge theories...