A Roman dominating function of a graph G = (V, E) is a function f : V → {0, 1, 2} such that every vertex x with f(x) = 0 is adjacent to at least one vertex y with f(y) = 2. The weight of a Roman dominating function is defined to be f(V ) = P x∈V f(x), and the minimum weight of a Roman dominating function on a graph G is called the Roman domination number of G. In this paper we answer an open pr...

Let k be a positive integer, and let G be a simple graph with vertex set V (G). A k-distance Roman dominating function on G is a labeling f : V (G) → {0, 1, 2} such that every vertex with label 0 has a vertex with label 2 within distance k from each other. A set {f1, f2, . . . , fd} of k-distance Roman dominating functions on G with the property that ∑d i=1 fi(v) ≤ 2 for each v ∈ V (G), is call...

In antiquity the Oracle at Delphi urged each to "know thyself." Socrates followed with the observation that "The unexamined life is not worth living." Aristotle called for a balance in creating the "good life" centering on the "golden mean." In the second century A.D. Marcus Aurelius, emperor of the Roman empire (the closest the western world may have ever come to a philosopher king), reminded ...

T  is so often linked to writing that we need to remember that its achievement has two parts—the written symbols found on a page and also the symbols that represent a cluster of sound units, or phonemes. Once committed to a page, language becomes visible and permanent and can be regarded on a plane apart from the intimate interaction of speakers. David Olson, among others, argues that...

Ancient Greek and Roman sources report that the statue of Zeus in Olympia had a head, and in particular eyes, similar to the description of Zeus by Homer, so we think that the statue was visible to the human eye. Since the temple was 12 m high, and had a small door and no windows, the illumination of the statue by conventional media is questionable. The aim of this paper is to characterize the ...

In the first half of the third century B.C, two Greeks, Herophilus of Chalcedon and his younger contemporary Erasistratus of Ceos, became the first and last ancient scientists to perform systematic dissections of human cadavers. In all probability, they also conducted vivisections of condemned criminals. Their anatomical and physiological discoveries were extraordinary. The uniqueness of these ...

A total of 49 Late Ptolemaic-Roman Period mummies excavated from Kellis-1 cemetery at Ismant el-Kharab in Egypt's Dakhleh Oasis were examined by gross dissection in 1993 and 1998. Of these, 35 were sufficiently intact to reconstruct their mummification methodology. Most of these bodies had been looted at least once in antiquity with consequent damage to their integrity. The bodies of three bund...

From Roman gladiatorial combat to Egyptian animal mummies, the capture and manipulation of carnivores was instrumental in helping to shape social hierarchies throughout the ancient world. This paper investigates the historical inflection point when humans began to control animals not only as alimental resources but as ritual symbols and social actors in the New World. At Teotihuacan (A.D. 1-550...

The purpose of this article is threefold: (1) to provide a brief historical overview of human and nonhuman osteological studies in classical archaeology to get a sense of why and how the disciplines developed as they did; (2) to examine the current state of research in human osteology and zooarchaeology in the classical context, providing examples of case studies to help highlight the value (an...

Since antiquity, blood has been recognized as the essential component of life. Without knowledge of the circulation, ancient Egyptian religion recognized the heart as the seat of the soul and entry into the afterlife depended upon Osiris weighing the heart on the scales of justice. In the New World, the supreme offering to the Incan gods was the beating heart of a human sacrificial victim. In t...