BACKGROUND Mitochondrial inheritance is essential for cell division. In budding yeast, mitochondrial movement from mother to daughter requires (1) actin cables, F-actin bundles that undergo retrograde movement during elongation from buds into mother cells; (2) the mitochore, a mitochondrial protein complex implicated in linking mitochondria to actin cables; and (3) Arp2/3 complex-mediated force...

The contribution of retrograde coronary flow to total collateral flow was examined transmurally in anesthetized, open-chest dogs subjected to acute obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Regional coronary flow in normal and ischemic tissue was reflected by the tissue content of radioisotopes of potassium and rubidium and by radioactive microspheres. To measure total collat...

The retrograde approach via collateral chan­ nels in coronary angioplasty for chronic total occlusion (CTO) can improve the recanaliza­ tion success rate. Most interventionalists will meet a few cases where the retrograde approach might provide unequaled advantages, but many are held back from choosing the retrograde approach owing to a lack of proper equipment and expertise. The retrograde app...

The aim of the present study is to describe and evaluate a new technique for performing Computed-Tomography Retrograde Urethrography (CT-RUG). Males with urethral anomalies detected by retrograde urethrography (RUG) and/or sonourethrography (RSUG) underwent CT-RUG using clamp method three radiologists evaluated in each separately blindly. was done successfully all cases (n = 22), means 6 min du...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to answer the question: For patients requiring apicoectomy (apicectomy/root-end resection) and retrograde (root-end) obturation (filling), which retrograde obturation (root-end filling) material(s) is/are the most effective, as determined by reduction in periapical radiolucency and elimination of signs and symptoms? MATERIALS AND METHODS A MEDLINE and a Cochr...

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE Retrograde coronary intervention of chronic total coronary occlusion remains challenging. We describe a successful retrograde intervention of chronically occluded right coronary artery ostium via an occluded vein graft. An occluded saphenous vein graft can be a useful means to access the distal coronary bed, enabling delivery of retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention...

1. Introduction Retrograde analysis is a qualification and generation technique of positions in two-player, complete information games. In Chess [Thomson 1986], retrograde analysis enabled researchers to generate all six-piece positions [Thomson1996] and most of seven-or-eight-piece positions, retrograde analysis was used to solve these games.

Successful recanalization of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of coronary arteries has improved symptoms and mortality. In CTO cases, retrograde approach from opposite coronary artery has a better chance of procedural success. But the retrograde approach from opposite site is not always suitable. In certain CTO cases, the distal left anterior descending (LAD) artery is supplied from the intrasepta...

Retrograde intubation is one of the methods used to maintain an airway in the event of a difficult intubation. Retrograde intubation has been successfully carried out on patient for whom intubation was not possible with a direct laryngoscope and fiber optic bronchoscope. The central venous catheter needle and guide wire are the materials that are the most practical to prepare and access for the...

The molecular pathways involved in retrograde signal transduction at synapses and the function of retrograde communication are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that postsynaptic calcium 2+ ion (Ca2+) influx through glutamate receptors and subsequent postsynaptic vesicle fusion trigger a robust induction of presynaptic miniature release after high-frequency stimulation at Drosophila neuro...