Elucidation of the organization of each of the various parts of the nervous system depends upon the skillful and effective application of the most appropriate method (s) of investigation, whether they be well etablished or newly developed, and on the proper interpretation of the results. One of the newer and more exciting families of methods, those using intraneuronal axonal transport to trace ...

The case report titled “Acute renal failure during a trial of spinal cord stimulation: Theories as to a possible connection” by Larkin et al (1) addressed that spinal T9 stimulation could lead to diminished renal blood flow by the decreased sympathetic input. Renal sympathetic innervation is widely acknowledged to involve the maintenance of fluid homeostasis and modulation of renal hemodynamics...

Classical methods for studying neuronal circuits are fairly low throughput. Transsynaptic viruses, particularly the pseudorabies (PRV) and rabies virus (RABV), and more recently vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), for studying circuitry, is becoming increasingly popular. These higher throughput methods use viruses that transmit between neurons in either the anterograde or retrograde direction. Re...

background: anterior pelvic ring surgery includes a variety of plating techniques and insertion of retrograde superior pubic ramus screws. anterior acetabular surgery also includes fixation through an ilioinguinal or stoppa approach. these exposures risk injury to the spermatic cord and accompanying genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. the primary aim of this study was to identify the dis...

The autonomic nervous system is a sophisticated and independent structure composed of two antagonistic (opposing) divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic) that control many vital functions including: homeostasis maintenance, heart rate, blood circulation, secretion, etc. Thymus is one of the most important primary lymphoid organs playing a role in the developing of a juvenile’s immune system...